• http://medicalxpress.com/news/2011-05-worm-discovery-billion-people-worldwide.html
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura Light infestations (<100 worms) are frequently asymptomatic. The female T. trichiura produces 2,000–10,000 single celled eggs per day. Within the United States, infection is rare overall but may be common in the rural Southeast where 2.2 million people are thought to be infected.
  Whipworm as a therapeutic agent for IBD and other inflammatory disorders
  Main article: Helminthic therapy
  The hygiene hypothesis suggests that various immunological disorders that have been observed in humans only within the last 100 years, s...uch as Crohn's disease, or that have become more common during that period as hygienic practices have become more widespread, may result from a lack of exposure to parasitic worms (also called helminths) during childhood. The use of Trichuris suis ova (TSO, or pig whipworm eggs) by Weinstock, et al., as a therapy for treating Crohn's disease[8][9][10] and to a lesser extent ulcerative colitis[11] are two examples that support this hypothesis. There is also anecdotal evidence that treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with TSO decreases the incidence of asthma,[12] allergy,[13] and other inflammatory disorders.[citation needed] Some scientific evidence suggests that the course of multiple sclerosis may be very favorably altered by helminth infection;[14] TSO is being studied as a treatment for this disease.[15]
  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440857/ Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects of yucca schidigera: A review
  Palytoxin is a huge molecule with chemical formula C129H223N3O54. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palytoxin
  http://www.oxphos.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=1 Succinate in hypoxia
  T8690 Thioredoxin human ≥90% (SDS-PAGE), recombinant, expressed in Escherichia coli (N-terminal hist http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?D7=0&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO|BRAND_KEY&N4=T8690|SIGMA&N25=0&QS=ON&F=SPEC
  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_cycle
  http://groups.google.com/group/alt.baldspot/browse_thread/thread/c3a401892a9be495/c78bfd7536edd801?lnk=gst&q=creatine#c78bfd7536edd801
  The increases in serum alanine transaminase levels (after 3 hours and 12 hours of reperfusion) were significantly (P < .01) attenuated in the BH(4) group. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16546503 Cytoprotective function of tetrahydrobiopterin in rat liver ischemia/reperfusion injury.
  Serum aspartame transaminase may be 15 percent higher in black men than white men.
  Plasma homocysteine levels
  were increased in all experimental groups from 6 wk onward and
  were greatest in FDE. Ethanol feeding reduced liver methionine
  synthase activity, S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), and glutathione,
  and elevated plasma malondi...aldehyde (MDA) and alanine
  transaminase. Folate deficiency decreased liver folate levels and
  increased global DNA hypomethylation. Ethanol feeding and folate
  deficiency acted together to decrease the liver SAM S-adenosylhomocysteine
  (SAH) ratio and to increase liver SAH, DNA strand
  breaks, urinary 8-oxo-2 -deoxyguanosine [oxo(8)dG] mg of creatinine,
  plasma homocysteine, and aspartate transaminase by more
  than 8-fold. Liver SAM correlated positively with glutathione,
  which correlated negatively with plasma MDA and urinary
  oxo(8)dG. Liver SAM SAH correlated negatively with DNA strand
  breaks, which correlated with urinary oxo(8)dG. Livers from
  ethanol-fed animals showed increased centrilobular CYP2E1 and
  protein adducts with acetaldehyde and MDA.
  In summary, the present study demonstrates that the addition
  of folate deficiency to a diet containing excessive ethanol both
  enhances abnormal hepatic methionine metabolism and promotes
  the early development of alcoholic liver injury. Feeding...
  the combined FDE diet resulted in the greatest increase in
  plasma Hcy and liver SAH levels and the greatest reduction in
  the SAM SAH ratio (Table 2), together with an 8-fold increase
  in plasma AST.
  Vasopressin receptors control fidelity  http://groups.google.com/group/sci.med.psychobiology/browse_thread/thread/1d878fcd03ff115b/331820b4dda7d3d?q#0331820b4dda7d3d
  http://www.jlaforums.com/viewtopic.php?p=31731514 Endogenous and Exogenous Cannabinoids Modulate Inflammation
  Interferon-y Is a Critical Modulator of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling during Neuropathic Pain http://www.jneurosci.org/content/28/46/12136.full.pdf

Interferon-y Is a Critical Modulator of CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor Signaling during Neuropathic Pain

• The present results revealed the crucial role of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the development of neuropathic pain through an immune mechanism linked to modified IFN-activity. Hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by sciatic nerve injury were enhanced in CB2 / mice, as revealed by a mirror image of pain in the contralateral side. These behavioral manifestations of neuropathic pain matched the changes induced in microglial and astrocyte activation, astrocytic IFN-expression, and other biochemical parameters related to the immune response. Glial activators include chemokines that enhance pain sensation and are under the control of immune mediators, as well as several neuromodulators released by nearby neurons, such as prostaglandins (Tanga et al., 2006). Interferons represent crucial modulators of the central and peripheral immune responses (Bach et al., 1997) and the enhanced induction of IFN-genes in CB2 / mice could participate in their nociceptive hypersensitivity. Indeed, a prolonged spinal increase in IFN- levels in inflammatory responses in diseases such as viral infections and multiple sclerosis, is thought to contribute to the associated persistent pain states (Miyazaki et al., 2008). Furthermore, IFN-treatments in cancer therapy can result in spontaneous pain in humans (Quesada et al., 1986; Mahmoud et al., 1992). Intrathecal IFN- administration in mice can also cause pain-related behaviors in normal, but not in IFN-receptor knockout mice (Robertson et al., 1997). Although the molecular and cellular mechanism of interferon-induced pain remains mostly unclear, it has been demonstrated that IFN- can cause spontaneous firing of dorsal horn neurons in vitro and in vivo, as well as enhanced wind-up responses to electrical stimulation (Vikman et al., 2003, 2005, 2007). Interestingly, the pharmacological activation of CB2 cannabinoid receptors suppresses wind-up responses of spinal nociceptive neurons and this effect was more pronounced in the presence of pathological pain (Nackley et al., 2004). The enhanced IFN- response revealed by microarray experiments in CB2 / mice exposed to nerve injury has an important functional relevance in vivo. Thus, a direct relationship between the enhanced IFN- response and the neuropathic pain manifestations of CB2 / mice was demonstrated by using double knock-out animals deficient in CB2 receptors and IFN-. The behavioral phenotype of CB2 / mice showing an enhanced neuropathic pain was completely abolished in these double knock-out animals. IFN- is a crucial modulator of the central and peripheral immune responses suggesting that an immune alteration seems to underline the neuropathic pain responses in CB2 / mice. The manifestations of neuropathic pain observed in CB2 / mice and double knock-out mice deficient in CB2 and IFN- suggest that endocannabinoids play an important role in the control of the immune responses leading to the development of neuropathic pain. In support of this hypothesis, an enhancement in the levels of the two main endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol, was revealed after sciatic nerve injury in the spinal cord and several brain areas involved in pain, such as the periaqueductal gray matter and the rostral ventral medulla (Petrosino et al., 2007). The endocannabinoid levels were also enhanced after sciatic nerve injury in the dorsal root ganglia (Mitrirattanakul et al., 2006) and the section of the sciatic nerve proximal to the lesion (Agarwal et al., 2007). These increased endocannabinoid levels are likely related to enhanced biosynthesis or decreased catabolism and transport because endocannabinoids are produced on demand without any substantial storage (Di Marzo, 1998). Therefore, endocannabinoids could produce a tonic activation of CB2 receptors after sciatic nerve injury that would limit the immune responses leading to the development of neuropathic pain. In agreement, both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia produced after sciatic nerve injury were attenuated by the administration of N-arachidonoyl-serotonin, an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of anandamide (Maione et al., 2007), which further support the role of endocannabinoids in the modulation of neuropathic pain. In contrast with the results here obtained in CB2 / mice, the genetic disruption of the CB1 receptor had no major consequences on the development of neuropathic pain (Castan˜e´ et al., 2006) despite the high expression of these receptors in the CNS (Tsou et al., 1998). However, CB1 receptors expressed in peripheral nociceptors but not in the CNS seem to be involved in the manifestations of neuropathic pain (Agarwal et al., 2007). In agreement, pharmacological activation of CB1 receptors have also been reported to reduce pain sensitivity in a variety of neuropathic pain models (Pertwee, 2005). Subsequent to nerve injury, gradients formed by CCL2 and CCL3 orchestrate the recruitment and activation of resident and monocyte-derived microglia via signaling through their respective receptors CCR2, CCR1, and CCR5 (Scholz and Woolf, 2007). In particular, CCR2 expression in either resident microglia or bone marrow-derived macrophages may be sufficient for the development of mechanical allodynia in a murine neuropathic pain model (Zhang et al., 2007). CB2 cannabinoid receptor activity may critically influence the induction of CCR2 expression by monocytes and thus inhibit their chemotaxis (Steffens et al., 2005). Moreover, endocannabinoids were found to abolish microglia activation by inhibiting NO release through a mechanism linked to the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway (Eljaschewitsch et al., 2006). Our data revealed that IFN- treatment of mouse BV-2 microglial cells evoked marked microglial activation as indicated by induction of iNOS and CCR2 gene expression. CB2 signaling, however, interfered with the expression of these two IFN--inducible genes in BV-2 cells. These data suggest that CB2 receptor signaling exerts antiinflammatory effects in the neuropathic response by controlling IFN--mediated microglial activation and recruitment. Therefore, these data complement our in vivo observations in the neuropathic response in CB2 / mice. Mice genetically modified either by increasing or eliminating specific gene may be limited by the fact that this genetic change may be affecting not only the target gene but also other biological components, perhaps participating in the effects evaluated in these genetic models. Therefore, pharmacological studies using selective ligands of CB2 receptors would be useful to confirm the relevance of the present results. Nevertheless, these genetic manipulations have been considered a key approach to the identification of alterations associated to different pathological conditions and to the discovering of new potential therapeutic targets in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. In this study, the according results obtained in CB2 / mice and double knock-out mice deficient in CB2 and IFN-together with the pharmacological studies performed in vitro further support the relevance of the findings. Our immunofluorescence analysis revealed that IFN-was mainly expressed in neurons after sciatic nerve injury and this expression of IFN-matched the pattern of nociceptive hypersensitivity in all experiments. IFN- expression was also present in astrocytes, but absent in microglia. Previous studies have reported the presence of CB2 receptors in microglial cells (Romero- Sandoval et al., 2008) and neurons (Van Sickle et al., 2005). However, the possible presence of CB2 receptors in neurons and its possible functional role is still a controversial issue that requires additional investigation. Taken all these data into consideration, we can postulate a mechanism to explain the modulation of neuropathic pain through CB2 receptor activation (Fig. 8). Thus, the neuroinflammatory process leading to the development of neuropathic pain seems to be initiated by the microglial activation produced after nerve injury (Scholz and Woolf, 2007). This process requires a coactivation of astrocytes, which, together with neurons, release IFN- and promote consolidation and progression of the neuropathic pain state (Zhang et al., 2007). IFN-promotes microglia activation by the induction of several inflammatory pathways, including an enhancement in iNOS and CCR2 activity. Interestingly, previous studies have reported the expression of IFN- receptors in microglial cells and its modulation under pathological conditions (Cannella and Raine, 2004). CB2 receptors on microglial cells would play a crucial role to control and limit the spreading of this neuroinflammatory process. Thus, the activity of CB2 receptors in microglial cells would reduce the activation of these cells during neuropathic pain by regulating the expression of iNOS and CCR2. In the absence of CB2 receptors, IFN-would produce a more widespread activation of microglial cells, which would enhance the manifestations of neuropathic pain and would be responsible for the presence of a mirror image of pain in the contralateral side.

Thioredoxin Catalyzes the Reduction of Insulin Disulfides by Dithiothreitol and Dihydrolipoamide

• When the two interchain disulfides of insulin are split by reduction, the free B chain will aggregate and precipitate from neutral solutions at low concentration. This well known phenomenon (14) was used in this study to develop a rapid and simple spectrophotometric assay for thiol-mediated protein disulfide reduction. The quantitative relationship between disulfide reduction and the onset of a rate of precipitation was calculated from extrapolation of the rate of NADPH oxidation in the presence of NADPH and thioredoxin reductase as the reducing system for thioredoxin. The two interchain disulfides of insulin are split by thioredoxin at similar rates (5). The K,,, value for insulin with thioredoxin is 11 pM (5). The concentration of insulin in the turbidimetric assay (130 pM) is thus sufficiently high to saturate the thioredoxin-(SH)2 reaction. The main result of this study is the demonstration of thioredoxin as a dithiol-disulfide oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of protein disulfides by dithiothreitol or dihydrolipoamide. Chemically reduced ribonuclease has also been found to be a very efficient dithiol substrate for thioredoxin.’ This result is consistent with a general function of thioredoxin in catalyzing oxidoreduction between suitable dithiols and exposed protein disulfides. The enzymatic mechanism of thioredoxin involves the reduction and oxidation of an exposed active site disulfide bridge (1) with the structure: The disulfide in thioredoxin-S2 and the dithiol in thioredoxin-( SH)z both have unusual reactivities in thiol-disulfide interchange reactions. The second order rate constant for the reduction of thioredoxin by dithiothreitol obtained from the stopped flow fluorescence measurements is compared with measurements by Creighton for model disulfides (19) in Table V. Apparently, thioredoxin-Sz reacts between 2 to 3 orders of magnitude faster at physiological pH values than the model disulfides. Since thioredoxin-(SH)t shows an apparent reactivity with insulin that is around lo4 times higher at pH 7.0 than dithiothreitol (5), the combined effect of these two rates explains the catalytic action of thioredoxin in reducing insulin with dithiothreitol. Thioredoxin-Sz and thioredoxin-(SH)2 may thus be regarded as two species of an enzyme working in a ping-pong reaction. The local conformational change in thioredoxin upon oxidoreduction observed by tryptophan fluorescence (11) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(20) explains the differences in reactivity of the two species of thioredoxin. Dihydrolipoamide was a very good dithiol substrate for thioredoxin. This provides a mechanism for NADH-dependent reduction of disulfides to sulfhydryl groups through the operation of lipoamide dehydrogenase. Roman0 and Nickerson (21) have described the existence of a specific NADHdependent cystine reductase (EC 1.6.4.1) or NADH-cystine transhydrogenase in yeast. The cystine reductase activity has not been purified and characterized but could be identical to the combined effect of NADH, lipoamide, lipoamide dehydrogenase, and thioredoxin. Eldjarn and Bremer (22) and Skrede (23) have studied disulfide reduction in mitochondria and shown that reduction of cystamine is NADH and lipoic acid-dependent and occurs by the lipoamide dehydrogenase enzyme in the cY-oxoacid complexes. The studies of Tietze (24) also suggests mitochondria as the place of NADH-dependent disulfide reduction since only NADPH was observed to support this process in 100,OOO X g supernatants of rat liver. Is there any physiological basis for the rapid reaction between dihydrolipoamide and thioredoxin-Sz? Some recent results regarding the functional organization of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in E. coli suggest a possible mechanism (25, 26). Lipoic acid is bound in an amide linkage to the dihydrolipoyl transacetylase component of the pyruvate and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes in E. coli and mitochondria. Studies on the site coupling in electron and acetyl group transfer in the E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex has suggested (26) that only half of the a-lipoyl moieties are coupled to lipoamide dehydrogenase and NADH formation. The other half of the dihydrolipoamide groups may have a yet unidentified electron acceptor (26). Experiments with isolated E. coli pyruvate dehydrogenase complex should decide if this can be thioredoxin. Thioredoxin has been found in mitochondrial preparations from calf liver (27). The coupling between pyruvate decarboxylation and the reduction of thioredoxin may of course represent an unknown substrate cycle. This could operate in cells lacking thioredoxin reductase, as erythrocytes seem to do.3 It should also be noted that a novel role for lipoic acid in oxidative phosphorylation has been suggested recently (28). The fast reduction of thioredoxin-Sz by dihydrolipoamide observed in this study represents the only kinetically favorable reaction between any of the three compounds, lipoic acid, glutathione and thioredoxin. The reduction of the disulfides in these ubiquitous compounds is catalyzed by the three similar but specific dehydrogenases called NADH-lipoamide dehydrogenase, NADPH-glutathione reductase and NADPHthioredoxin reductase. The electrode potentials (E’o values), of the Lip&, GSSG, and thioredoxin-S2 couples are similar or -0.29, -0.25, and -0.26 V, respectively (3). The small molecules GSH and lipoic acid show no particularly rapid thiol-disulfide interchange rates (3). Thioredoxin-Sn is only very slowly reduced by the monothiol GSH (29) nor does thioredoxin-(SH)z react rapidly with GSSG (5). Thioredoxin was originally considered to be a substrate cofactor for the two enzymes thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase (30). As shown here, it should rather be regarded as a small disulfide reductase enzyme. This applies for the thioredoxins from E. coli, yeast, and mammalian cells which are homologous proteins2 that all give high activity in the insulin turbidimetric assay.

Glutathionylation of human thioredoxin: A possible crosstalk between the glutathione and thioredoxin systems

• This study shows that Trx can be glutathionylated under conditions of oxidative stress. Glutathionylation was confirmed by incubating rhTrx with GSSG at a concentration (5 mM) that can be observed in vivo under conditions of oxidative stress or in cellular compartments such as the endoplasmic reticulum where the GSH/GSSG ratio can be 1 (22). The mass spectrometric analysis showed that, at a GSSG concentration of 5 mM, only one GSH can be attached to rhTrx at Cys-72. This higher susceptibility of Cys-72 to oxidation is very likely caused by the fact that it is easily accessible in the active site surface of the three-dimensional structure of Trx (23). In fact, when we synthesized peptides reproducing partial Trx sequences and treated them with GSSG, we found that all Cys with the exception of one of those in the CGPC active site were equally susceptible to glutathionylation. Thus the susceptibility of Cys-72 appears to be observed only within the entire protein with its three-dimensional structure. Further supporting the concept that Cys-72 is the Cys residue of rhTrx most exposed to oxidizing agents, we noted that iodoacetamide treatment of rhTrx under nondenaturing conditions alkylated only Cys-72 (data not shown). Alkylation under nondenaturing conditions has been used to determine oxidant-sensitive Cys (also in terms of accessibility in the native structure; refs. 24 and 25). Thus, in the case of Trx, susceptibility to glutathionylation is mainly due to the three-dimensional structure rather than to the chemical-physical properties of the amino acids in the vicinity, as has been suggested for other proteins (26). A glutathione adduct on Cys-72 also might be favored by the primary structure, however, as this amino acid is next to a basic one, Lys-71, which might stabilize the adduct by interacting electrostatically with the -glutamyl group of GSH (27). Interestingly, Cys-72 is also involved in the dimerization of Trx (23, 28), which may occur under oxidative conditions or spontaneous oxidation, confirming that Cys-72 can be easily oxidized. The fact that the same Cys-72 of Trx can be involved in both the dimerization and in the glutathionylation of Trx suggests that glutathionylation prevents dimer formation. In fact, we found that in the absence of GSSG, the mass spectra of rhTrx revealed some Trx dimers, whereas in GSSG-treated rhTrx, no dimer was detectable (data not shown). Analysis by MALDI-TOF of rhTrx exposed to GSSG for longer periods (overnight) showed that two GSH residues can be attached to a single rhTrx molecule. This finding would imply that one of the two Cys that can undergo glutathionylation is Cys-72 and the other is either Cys-61 or Cys-68. In fact, a mixed disulfide between glutathione and one of the Cys of the CGPC active site (Cys-31, Cys-34) would be highly unstable (25). In agreement with this hypothesis, we observed that even when a synthetic peptide containing the CGPC active site was treated with GSSG, no adduct was ever formed with two GSH molecules. The fact that Trx can be glutathionylated raises the question of how this fact affects its activities. We investigated whether glutathionylation affected its enzymatic activity. Glutathionylated rhTrx lost all activity initially, but gradually, the activity was restored with time. This was probably due to the fact that Trx can reduce mixed disulfides (29), though not as efficiently as glutaredoxin, and its residual activity could reactivate itself according to the proposed scheme: The finding that Trx can be regulated by glutathionylation indicates the existence of crosstalk between the glutathione glutaredoxin system and the Trx system through which Trx activity can be influenced by the GSH/GSSG ratio, an indicator of the redox state of the cell. The observation that GSNO also can induce glutathionylation of Trx with the same efficiency as GSSG suggests that, through the formation of GSNO, NO can influence Trx activity. Although we demonstrate the occurrence of Trx glutathionylation in living cells exposed to an exogenous oxidant in the present work, other reports show that S-thiolathion of enzymes, namely glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, with loss of enzyme activity, can take place during physiologic oxidative stress such as that induced by monocyte activation (30). Therefore, it will be important to evaluate whether Trx is glutathionylated under pathological conditions resulting in oxidative stress. It should be noted that although glutathionylation reduces the enzymatic activity of Trx, it could have more subtle effects on other activities of this protein, altering its affinity for interacting proteins or even generating new activities. For instance, in a protein related to Trx, sharing its insulin disulfide reducing activity, glycosylation inhibiting factor macrophage migration inhibitory factor, S-thiolation caused conformational changes and generation of a growth factor like bioactivity (31). Trx has many biological activities, whose mechanisms are largely obscure: it acts extracellularly as a cytokine, chemokine, or growth factor (32–34) and intracellularly as a regulatory protein that influences several regulatory proteins such as NF- B (35) and ASK1 (36), and it is efficiently secreted through a still unknown mechanism. The relevance of the posttranslational modification of Trx reported here warrants further investigation.

Synopsis

•  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17203585 Differential expression of glycans in the hippocampus of rats trained on an inhibitory learning paradigm.
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• Vicia villosa lectin (VVL) for terminal alpha/beta N-acetylgalactosamine (alpha/beta GalNAc); Galanthus nivalus lectin (GNL) for terminal mannose alpha-1,3 (Man alpha-1,3); Peanut agglutinin (PNA) for galactose beta-1,3N-acetylgalactosamine... (Gal beta-1,3 GalNAc); Erythrina cristagalli lectin (ECL) for galactose beta-1,4 N-acetylglucosamine (Gal beta-1,4 GlcNAc); Sambucus nigra lectin (SNA) for sialic acid alpha-2.6 galactose (SA alpha-2,6 Gal); Maackia amurensis lectin II (MAL II) for sialic acid alpha-2,3 (SA alpha-2,3); Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) for terminal N-acetylglucosamine with/ without sialic acid (GlcNAc wo SA); succynilated WGA (sWGA) for terminal N-acetylglucosamine without sialic acid (terminal GlcNAc without SA); Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II (GSL II) for terminal alpha/beta N-acetylglucosamine (alpha/beta GlcNAc terminal); and Lotus tetragonolobus lectin (LTL) alpha-fucose
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• http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0801/08_4167life0801_44_51.pdf Molecular Biological and Biochemical Studies on Avian Influenza Virus Receptors in Different Avian Species
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19682714 Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro.
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• http://www.harvestmoonhealthfoods.com/wyceeljuco12.html Wyldewood Cellars Elderberry Juice Concentrate 12.5 fl. oz $27.99
• Oral acute (200 mg/kg) or prolonged (25 mg/kg, every 2 days for 2 weeks) administration of pyritinol significantly reduced streptozotocin-induced changes in free carbonyls, dityrosine, malondialdehyde and advanced oxidative protein products.
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18593582 Pyritinol reduces nociception and oxidative stress in diabetic rats. http://www.harvestmoonhealthfoods.com/unnu.html
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• https://www.greenfoods.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=11 VEGGIE MAGMA® IS DR. HAGIWARA'S ORIGINAL NUTRIENT-RICH "SALAD IN A GLASS" VEGETABLE BLEND CONTAINING YOUNG BARLEY GRASS JUICE POWDER (GREEN MAGMA) COMBINED WITH 16 NUTRITIOUS VEGETABLES.
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20550627 Regulation of markers of synaptic function in mouse models of depression: chronic mild stress and decreased expression of VGLUT1.
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937555 Chronic stress and impaired glutamate function elicit a depressive-like phenotype and common changes in gene expression in the mouse frontal cortex.
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• Kindling, in the amygdala, is characterized by afterdischarge (AD) activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) and a progression through five defined seizure stages culminating in generalized seizures. In addition to producing epileptogenisis, studies have linked amygdala kindling to enhanced emotionality in laboratory animals.
• http://www.jneurosci.org/content/19/22/RC41.full.pdf Enhanced Amygdala Kindling after Electrical Stimulation of the Ventral Tegmental Area: Implications for Fear and Anxiety
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• http://www.wikigenes.org/e/gene/e/24949.html
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• http://science.niuz.biz/dha-t225060.html DHA and uridine enhance synapse formation
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8734 WNT-7a Induces Axonal Remodeling and Increases Synapsin I Levels in Cerebellar Neurons
•          
• Lithium mimics WNT-7a in granule cells by inhibiting GSK-3β, a component of the WNT signaling pathway. These results suggest a direct effect of WNT-7a in the regulation of neuronal cytoskeleton and synapsin I in granule cell neurons.
•             
• Exercise induces BDNF and synapsin I to specific hippocampal subfields. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15079864
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• The enhancement of stress-related memory by glucocorticoids depends on synapsin-Ia/Ib. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368707
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• Synapsins differentially control dopamine and serotonin release. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660258
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• The synapsin cycle: a view from the synaptic endocytic zone. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17455288
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373512 Protein fucosylation regulates synapsin Ia/Ib expression and neuronal morphology in primary hippocampal neurons.
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgme.2005.11.016 Metabolic changes associated with hyperammonemia in patients with propionic acidemia
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•  http://www.additivesinfood.info/codes/282/ calcium propionate (Preservative E282)
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• Propionyl CoA is formed as a product of beta-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids.
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• http://library.med.utah.edu/NetBiochem/FattyAcids/9_4c.html
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasopressin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin
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•  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidin
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•  http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Biological_Chemistry/scientist/Bayer/new_pages/reserch_topics/avidin_biotin.html
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•  Biocytin hydrazide (BCHZ), a new, water-soluble, long-chained, biotin-containing hydrazide, was synthesized and used for the selective nonradioactive detection of glycoconjugates.
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•  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855812 5-HT4(a) receptors avert opioid-induced breathing depression without loss of analgesia.
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•  http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/content/143/6/719.abstract Expression and Function of the HNK-1 Carbohydrate
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•  http://www.jbc.org/content/274/36/25608.full Structure and Function of HNK-1 Sulfotransferase IDENTIFICATION OF DONOR AND ACCEPTOR BINDING SITES BY SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B3GAT1
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• http://jcb.rupress.org/content/115/3/731.full.pdf Developmentally and Spatially Regulated Expressio of HNK1 Carbohydrate Antigen on a Novel Phosphatidylinositol-anchored Glycoprotein in Rat Brain
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21604096 Inhibition of the bacterial lectins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with monosaccharides and peptides.
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• The major source of acquisition of P. aeruginosa appears to be from the environment.
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•  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2671200/ http://www.invitrogen.com/site/us/en/home/References/Molecular-Probes-The-Handbook/Probes-for-Cytoskeletal-Proteins/Probes-for-Tubulin-and-Other-Cytoskeletal-Proteins.html
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•  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19253034 The molecular architecture of ribbon presynaptic terminals.
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•  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21187649 2-Decenoic acid ethyl ester possesses neurotrophin-like activities to facilitate intracellular signals and increase synapse-specific proteins in neurons cultured from embryonic rat brain.
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•  http://www.glaserorganicfarms.com/shop/index.php?l=product_detail&p=21
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• http://www.easycart.net/BeyondACenturyInc./Special_Products_A-G.html Cococin Powder 5th from the bottom
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• http://www.florida-coconuts.com/produtos.php
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• http://store.vitacoco.com/v/cart.aspx?ID=241&Q=1&S=8 Green Young Coconut Water
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• www.glaserorganicfarms.com Organic green young coconut water.
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2895317/ Exogenous thioredoxin prevents ethanol-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in mouse liver
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439183 A dual effect of N-acetylcysteine on acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17548252 N-acetylcysteine inhibits activation of toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene expression in the liver and lung after partial hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576882 Melatonin protects against alcoholic liver injury by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis
•         
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713338 Intravenous administration of thioredoxin decreases brain damage following transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice
•     
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2693936/ Regulation of Thioredoxin by Ceramide in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
• 
  
• Increased glucocorticoid production and sensitivity with advancing age decrease skeletal hydration and thereby increase skeletal fragility by attenuating the volume of the bone vasculature and interstitial fluid.
• http://www.unil.ch/webdav/site/dbcm/shared/riederer/CurrentProteomics2009_Riederer.pdf
•                  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%27s_nucleus
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAD
• 
  
• http://www.ajcn.org/content/75/4/616.full High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinamide Molecular formula C6H6N2O
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16734417 Artemin crystal structure reveals insights into heparan sulfate binding. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21619614 Inhibition of TRPA1 channel activity in sensory neurons by the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family member, artemin.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19845789 Distribution of artemin and GFRalpha3 labeled nerve fibers in the dura mater of rat: artemin and GFRalpha3 in the dura.
• Genomic organization of the human SPOCK gene and its chromosomal localization to 5q31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9545645 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11131125 Distribution of testican expression in human brain.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10386950 Molecular cloning of testican-2: defining a novel calcium-binding proteoglycan family expressed in brain.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17920205 Mesencephalic dopamine neuron number and tyrosine hydroxylase content: Genetic control and candidate genes.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9181134 Cloning of testican/SPOCK in man and mouse. Neuromuscular expression perspectives in pathology.
• 
  
• An osteonectin-like domain, a Kazal-like sequence and a 46-amino-acid motif around a Cys-Trp-Cys-Val peptide encountered in cell-surface antigens, cell-adhesion molecules and growth-factor-binding proteins are distributed within the testican protein core.
• 
  
• Testican has been shown to carry substantial amounts of chondroitin sulfate as well as other oligosaccharides, but the biological significance of these embellishments is not yet known. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7952652 The role of thiol proteases in tissue injury and remodeling. Human proteoglycan testican-1 inhibits the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14511383
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21490396 Heparanase powers a chronic inflammatory circuit that promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21408198 Modulation of brain β-endorphin concentration by the specific part of the Y chromosome in mice.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18581056 Sex determination in mammals--before and after the evolution of SRY.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21183788 Identification of SOX3 as an XX male sex reversal gene in mice and humans.
• 
  
• Effect of brain monoamine precursors on stress-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes in aged mice http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(84)90514-6
• 
  
• http://www.molecularbrain.com/content/2/1/8 Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is a key modulator of physiological neurogenesis and anxiety-related behavior in mice
•            
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20099004 The impact of taurine- and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects.
•                  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21590285 Antidepressant-like effect of artemin in mice: a mechanism for acetyl-L: -carnitine activity on depression.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20302919 Acetyl-L-carnitine increases artemin level and prevents neurotrophic factor alterations during neuropathy.
• 
  
• Endogenous cannabinoid signaling is required for voluntary exercise-induced enhancement of progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19489006 Endocannabinoids and voluntary activity in mice: runner's high and long-term consequences in emotional behaviors. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20353785
• 
  
• CB1 receptor deficiency decreases wheel-running activity: consequences on emotional behaviours and hippocampal neurogenesis. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20138171
• 
  
• http://faculty.psy.ohio-state.edu/wenk/documents/MolecPsych142009.pdf Cannabinoid agonist WIN-55,212-2 partially restores neurogenesis in the aged rat brain
• 
  
•  http://brainmeta.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=5398
• 
  
• As synapsin I is a presynaptic protein, its increase in CA1 dendritic layers may indicate synaptogenesis and neural reorganization, possibly induced by activity relayed from the DG through transsynaptic circuitry from the DG to CA1. In conclusion, physiologic levels of activity produced by exercise increase BDNF and synapsin I levels to specific hippocampal subfields, indicating activation of specific hippocampal circuitry, which may include a spatial restriction on BDNF-mediated regulation of synapsin I. This ability of BDNF to mediate exercise-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity by regulating synapsin I in specific hippocampal subfields may underlie the improved neural function seen with exercise.
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(92)90507-H The reducing activity of S-aminoethylcysteine ketimine and similar sulfur-containing ketimines
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17727797 Protective effects of tungstophosphoric acid and sodium tungstate on chemically induced liver necrosis in wistar rats.
• 
  
• http://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Article.vm
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• http://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Article.vm/article/2138
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• http://nutritiondata.self.com/
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• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100714104059.htm Tea May Contain More Fluoride Than Once Thought, Research Shows
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8961242
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21284844
• 
  
• Selective gamma-hydroxybutyric acid receptor ligands increase extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus, but fail to activate G protein and to produce the sedative/hypnotic effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14535954
• 
  
• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15952782 http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15964843 http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16157695 http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:8636122
•     
• The first and second internal loop regions of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor were involved in transducing the pathway leading to luciferase gene expression. http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:10422789
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952782 Cysteine residues in the human cannabinoid receptor: only C257 and C264 are required for a functional receptor, and steric bulk at C386 impairs antagonist SR141716A binding.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20025243 Hydrophobic residues in helix 8 of cannabinoid receptor 1 are critical for structural and functional properties.
• Our results are congruent with a hypothesis that anandamide approaches its binding site by laterally diffusing within one membrane leaflet in an extended conformation and interacts with a hydrophobic groove formed by helices 3 and 6 of CB1, where its terminal carbon is positioned close to a key cysteine residue in helix 6 leading to receptor activation.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509622 CB(1) cannabinoid receptor activation dose dependently modulates neuronal activity within caudal but not rostral song control regions of adult zebra finch telencephalon.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21645625
• Dissociable systems of working memory for rhythm and melody.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21642004 DISC1 is associated with cortical thickness and neural efficiency.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650139 Impact of schizophrenia-risk gene dysbindin 1 on brain activation in bilateral middle frontal gyrus during a working memory task in healthy individuals.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20827271 Gamma oscillatory power is impaired during cognitive control independent of medication status in first-episode schizophrenia.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19568482 Emotion-elicited gamma synchrony in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: a neural correlate of social cognition outcomes.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21308001 Hippocampal oscillations in the rodent model of schizophrenia induced by amygdala GABA receptor blockade.
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21281651 Control of hippocampal theta rhythm by serotonin: Role of 5-HT2c receptors.
• 
  
• http://www.mezziah.org/transhuman/personal/piracetam_raw.htm
• 
  
• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/paper:17369910
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/find?field=Papers&query=cysteine+cb1
• 
  
• http://www.newworldwinemaker.com/articles/view?id=340
• 
  
• http://www.benbest.com/health/alcohol.html
• 
  
• http://www.quantium.plus.com/lr/lr91.htm LONGEVITY REPORT 91
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• http://schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/2/1/90.full.pdf
• A review of recent studies of the biosynthesis and excretion of hallucinogens formed by methylation of neurotransmitters or related substances
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930743 Excessive S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation increases levels of methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid in rat brain striatal homogenates: possible role in S-adenosyl-L-methionine-induced Parkinson's disease-like disorders.
• 
  
• The spiral ganglion: Connecting the peripheral and central auditory systems
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2011.04.003
• 
  
• Cholinergic systems mediate action from movement to higher consciousness http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.12.046
• 
  
• Induction of innate immune genes in brain create the neurobiology of addiction http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.003
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v30/n9/full/1300711a.html Neuropsychopharmacology - Behavioral Tolerance to Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is Associated with Redu
• 
  
• Neuropsychopharmacology, the official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, publishing the highest quality original research and advancing our understanding of the brain and behavior.
• 
  
• http://www2.ups.edu/faculty/amadlung/Plant_Phys_Bio332/Bio332_04_GMOdigestion.pdf Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20223226
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• http://brainmaps.org/index.php?pm=medial+habenula
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9030340
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21626599
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15931590 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596542 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480794
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• http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0002082
• 
  
• http://www.isteroids.com/steroids/Trenbolone-Acetate-Finaplix.html
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• http://www.raysahelian.com/aromatase.html
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• http://www.raysahelian.com/chrysin.html
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813161 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21625419 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21603032 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21550230 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20981159
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• http://forums.rxmuscle.com/archive/index.php/t-27222.html
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21531755
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21466813
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=chrysin
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.03.023 Arsenic and fluoride induce neural progenitor cell apoptosis
• 
  
• http://brainmaps.org/index.php?pm=hyperstriatum+ventrale
• 
  
• Furthermore, activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-α3 and -α7 and whether a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RGZ), blocks nicotine-mediated Wnt activation were examined. Following nicotine stimulation, there was clear evidence for nAChR-α3 and -α7 up-regulation, accompanied by the activation of PKC and Wnt signaling, which was further accompanied by significant changes in the expression of the downstream targets of Wnt signaling at 24 hours. Nicotine-mediated Wnt activation was almost completely blocked by pretreatment with either calphostin C or RGZ, indicating the central involvement of PKC activation and Wnt/PPARγ interaction in nicotine-induced up-regulation of Wnt signaling, and hence AIF-to-MYF transdifferentiation, providing novel preventive/therapeutic targets for nicotine-induced lung injury.
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21616118 Anterior cingulate proton spectroscopy glutamate levels differ as a function of smoking cessation outcome.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12450963 Caudate nucleus volumes and genetic determinants of homocysteine metabolism in the prediction of psychomotor speed in older persons with depression.
• 
  
• http://jcem.endojournals.org/content/early/2011/05/18/jc.2011-0226.short Metyrapone Administration Reduces the Strength of an Emotional Memory Trace in a Long-Lasting Manner
• jcem.endojournals.org
• Context: It has recently been demonstrated that the process of memory retrieval serves as a reactivation mechanism whereby the memory trace that is reactivated during retrieval is once again sensitive to modifications by environmental or pharmacological manipulations.
• 
  
• http://www.odh.ohio.gov/pdf/idcm/ehrl.pdf Non-lyme tick-borne pathogens
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615557
• Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans regulate astrocyte-dependent synaptogenesis and modulate synaptic activity in primary embryonic hippocampal neurons.
• 
  
• Homer 1a gates the induction mechanism for endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20181604
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19274064 PSD-95 regulates D1 dopamine receptor resensitization, but not receptor-mediated Gs-protein activation.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17369255 Inhibition of the dopamine D1 receptor signaling by PSD-95.
• 
  
• http://www.jneurosci.org/content/29/22/7124.full.pdf PSD-95 Is Essential for Hallucinogen and Atypical Antipsychotic Drug Actions at Serotonin Receptors
• 
  
• Given the accumulating evidence that hallucinogenic action involves alterations in synaptic activity, our data further suggest the possibility that hallucinogens may exert their actions via PSD-95-mediated interactions with glutamatergic signaling complexes downstream of 5-HT2A receptor activation.
• http://www.chinaphar.com/1671-4083/25/176.pdf Membrane associated Guanylate Kinase superfamily of proteins
• 
  
• http://thebiogrid.org/8573/publication/nuclear-translocation-and-transcription-regulation-by-the-membrane-associated-guanylate-kinase-casklin-2.html
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19118122
• 
  
• THC (1 microM) inhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and whole-cell I(Ca) evoked at 0.1 Hz but at 0.5 Hz THC had little effect. Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol switches from agonist to antagonist depending on firing rate.
• 
  
• http://stke.sciencemag.org/content/vol0/issue2003/images/data/CMP_13010/DC1/MammalianPathway-Final.swf
• 
  
• http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sigtrans;CMP_13010/DC1
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525926
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.039 The cholinergic system, circadian rhythmicity, and time memory
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochrome
• Cryptochrome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• Cryptochromes (from the Greek κρυπτό χρώμα, hidden colour) are a class of blue light-sensitive flavoproteins found in plants and animals. Cryptochromes are involved in the circadian rhythms of plants and animals, and in the sensing of magnetic fields in a number of species.
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2011.03.001
• 
  
• Recent evidence from Arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome also suggests that radical pairs can be generated by the light-independent dark reoxidation of Flavin protein by molecular oxygen through the formation of a spin-correlated FADH-superoxide radical pairs.[44] Magnetoception is hypothesized to function through the surrounding magnetic fields effect on the correlation (parallel or anti-parallel) of these radicals, which affects the duration that cryptochrome remains activated. Activation of cryptochrome may affect the light-sensitivity of retinal neurons, with the overall result that the animal can "see" the magnetic field.
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_and_amphetamine_regulated_transcript
• Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript also known as CART is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CARTPT gene.[1][2] CART appears to have roles in reward, feeding, and stress, and it has the functional properties of an endogenous psychostimulant.[3]
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.067
• 
  
• Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is one of the most abundant peptides in the central nervous system and currently there are four known receptor subtypes Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5. Central NPY and its receptors have been implicated in a variety of physiological processes such as epilepsy, sleep, obesity, learning and memory, gastrointestinal regulation, alcoholism, depression and anxiety. The localization of these receptors within the brain is consistent with the roles mentioned, as they are found in varying density within the limbic structures, such as the hippocampal formation, amygdala, hypothalamus and septum. It is well understood that NPY produces anxiolytic responses following central administration under stressful or anxiety-provoking situations. In contrast, central administration of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) produces anxiogenic behaviors. It has been proposed that NPY counteracts the effects of CRF to maintain no net change in emotional state, e.g., emotional homeostasis. In this article, we review the scientific literature describing the NPY–CRF relationship, specifically as it relates to the modulation of the CRF-mediated stress responses via the amygdala, a key forebrain structure involved in the regulation of emotional state.
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• http://www.iicb.res.in/divisionwiselistofscientists/dddb/allpub_nirmald.html
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(05)91003-3
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v80/n10/abs/6690558a.html
• 
  
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/05/110523101948.htm
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nm.2387.html
• 
  
• http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/sigtrans;4/167/ra20?view=abstract
• What doesn't kill the brain makes it stronger
• www.sciencedaily.com
• Scientists say that a newly discovered "survival protein" protects the brain against the effects of stroke in rodent brain tissue by interfering with a particular kind of cell death that's also implicated in complications from diabetes and heart attack.
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.025 Effect of δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on altered antioxidative enzyme defense mechanisms and lipid peroxidation in mice testes
• 
  
• http://members.iowatelecom.net/sharkhaus/marijuana_melatonin.html Is It Okay To Use Marijuana To Get To Sleep melatonin levels increase by 400 percent
• members.iowatelecom.net
• Medical marijuana and melatonin
• 
  
• http://www.health101.org/art_methylcobalamin.htm
• 
  
• http://www.enzymatictherapy.com/Products/Energy/Daily-Energy/05623-B12-Infusion.aspx
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21241747
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• http://brainmind.com/CaudateHead.html
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• http://www.pureendurance.net/lactic_acid
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.12.006
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.002
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(80)90146-X
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3940(99)00406-1
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1838(98)00134-9
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331438
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21540999
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388714
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• http://abstractboard.com/pubmedDetail.php?id=10657232
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• http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v35je03.htm
• 834. Butyllhydroquinone, tert- (WHO Food Additives Series 35)
• www.inchem.org
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/mp/journal/v5/n1/full/4000589a.html The role of stress in the pathophysiology of the dopaminergic system
• www.nature.com
• Molecular Psychiatry publishes work aimed at elucidating biological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders and their treatment
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19489006 Endogenous cannabinoid signaling is required for voluntary exercise-induced enhancement of progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampus
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• http://www.dadamo.com/protocols/17.html
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• http://www.dadamo.com/
• 
  
• http://www.battleforhealth.com/Battle_for_Health/Agglutination.html
• Agglutination
• www.battleforhealth.com
• Agglutination literally means “glued together”. This is what happens to your red blood cells when they are exposed to lectins. Note the left side is a picture of healthy cells, and the right side is a mass of cells clumped together.
• 
  
• Calcium dipicolinate also caused spores irradiated in the presence of iodoacetamide to germinate and therefore evidently by-passed the damaged germination mechanism. http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/64/3/301.pdf
• Up to 20% of the dry weight of the endospore consists of calcium dipicolinate within the core, which is thought to stabilize the DNA. Dipicolinic acid could be responsible for the heat resistance of the spore.
• 
  
• http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/12/1382.full Metabolic glycoengineering: Sialic acid and beyond
• glycob.oxfordjournals.org
• This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this tec
• 
  
• http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/2/1/17 Harm reduction-the cannabis paradox
• www.harmreductionjournal.com
• This article examines harm reduction from a novel perspective. Its central thesis is that harm reduction is not only a social concept, but also a biological one. More specifically, evolution does not make moral distinctions in the selection process, but utilizes a cannabis-based approach to harm red
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483X(88)90128-X Choleresis and increased biliary efflux of glutathione induced by phenolic antioxidants in rats
• 
  
• Role of astroglia and insulin-like growth factor-I in gonadal hormone-dependent synaptic plasticity. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9370220
• 
  
• Changes in axonal transport could be an important mechanism of disordering the growth of neurons and innervated cells in old age. Age-related changes in axonal transport. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315448 Exp Gerontol. 1997 Jul-Oct;32(4-5):441-50.
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• Small doses of sodium fluoride accelerated axonal transport, and this correlated with a rise in cAMP levels in ventral roots of the spinal cord. Following irradiation hormonal effects on axonal transport changed, for example, the stimulatory effect of estradiol became weak, especially in old rats.
• 
  
• It was also shown that hydrocortisone and testosterone were transported along axons, reached fibers of the skeletal muscles, and hyperpolarized the plasma membrane.
• 
  
• Theralac, 30 capsules
• www.lef.org
• Theralac's breakthrough technology guarantees 100 percent live delivery of its probiotics into the intestinal tract. Once in the gut, Theralac's strains are stimulated into action by LactoStim, a patented prebiotic that feeds probiotics. Rapid colonization of intestinal surfaces follows and bowel mo
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• http://www.controlyourimpact.com/articles/antiperspirant-aluminum-and-alzheimers-disease/
• 
  
• http://www.raven1.net/mcf/gwen-haarp-satellite-gps-emf-control-grid.htm
• 
  
• http://idsn.org/news-resources/idsn-news/read/article/the-cost-of-cotton-every-30-minutes-an-indian-farmer-commits-suicide/128/
• International Dalit Solidarity Network: The cost of cotton - Every 30 minutes an Indian farmer commi
• idsn.org
• The report, Every Thirty Minutes: Farmer Suicides, Human Rights, and the Agrarian Crisis in India, released by the Center for Human Rights and Global Justice (CHRGJ) and the The International Human Rights Clinic (IHRC) looks critically at India’s farmer suicide epidemic. A quarter of a million India
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• 16 years = 504 million seconds / 250,000 suicides = 1 suicide per 2016 seconds/ 33.6 minutes
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/labinvest/journal/v83/n2/full/3780603a.html Matrix Metalloproteinase Production by COOH-Terminal Heparin-Binding Fibronectin Fragment in Rheumatoid Synovial Cells
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• The level of sialic acid residues in platelets was found to be significantly lower and the carbonylation of proteins was higher in old age, diabetes, and lymphoma cases in comparison to controls. The level of carbonylation correlated with desialylation in these cases. In vitro treatment of platelets with free radicals was found to cause desialylation and to increase the carbonyl content.
• 
  
• Sialic acids are biosynthesized by almost all organisms as a 9-carbon carboxylated monosaccharide and are integral components of glycoconjugates.
• 
  
• Ethanol, given IP at 2 g/kg, seemed to decrease total SA in all brain regions at four hours after injection, with statistically significant decreases in the hippocampus and brainstem. With 3 g/kg, only the cerebellum showed a 25% decrease at four hours.
• 
  
• Only identical twins have chemically identical glycocalices; everyone else is unique.
• 
  
• More than 40 naturally occurring sialic acid derivatives of the three main forms of sialic acids, the N-acetyl- and N-glycolylneuraminic acid and 2-keto-3-deoxy-nonulosonic acid have been identified.
• 
  
• Gangliosides being amphiphilic sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, are highly accumulated in complex in synaptic membranes assumed to fulfill the task of neuromodulators in connection with calcium by transmission and storage of information.
• 
  
• Virtually all cell surface proteins and many cell membrane lipids are glycosylated, creating a cell surface glycocalyx. The glycan chains attached to cell surface glycoproteins and glycolipids are complex structures with specific additions that determine functions of the glycans in cell–cell communication and cell sensing of the environment. Glycans can decorate glycan termini by sialic acids.
• 
  
• Thus, our studies clearly show that chronic ethanol induced deglycosylation of brain gangliosides is in part, due to specific up-regulation of plasma membrane sialidase in the myelin and synaptosomal membrane fractions of the brain.
• 
  
• This increase in plasma membrane sialidase may be responsible for chronic-ethanol-induced physiological and neurological impairment in the brain, presumably due to deglycosylation of gangliosides that are essential for crucial cellular and metabolic activities.
• 
  
• The data in the present study indicate that COC administration may modify constitutive synaptic plasticity in the mPFC by increasing the NCAM polysialylation in perisomatic innervations of pyramidal neurons via activation of dopamine D1 and D2/D3 receptors.
• 
  
• An acute cocaine injection increases the mRNA level of polysialyltransferase ST8SiaII. Cocaine administration leads to an enhancement of PSA-NCAM protein expression. An increase in the PSA-NCAM protein is mainly observed in the perisomatic-like sites. Inhibition of D1 or D2 dopamine receptors abolishes effects of cocaine administration.
• 
  
• Chronic stress and corticosterone decreased sialidase activity in the brain homogenates and synaptosomes. In the stressed animals, these changes were related to significantly higher expression of polysialic acid. Sialidase activity caused by stress and chronic corticosterone administration reflect disturbances of polysialylated glycoconjugates known to be related to synaptic plasticity in hippocampus.
• 
  
• Testicular hormones confer resiliency to chronic stress in males therefore reducing the likelihood of developing putative physiological, behavioural or neurological depressive-like phenotypes.
• 
  
• http://www.springerlink.com/content/bw2551j407l1524w/
• 
  
• Possible mechanisms whereby fluoride could affect brain function include influencing calcium currents, altering enzyme configuration by forming strong hydrogen bonds with amide groups, inhibiting cortical adenylyl cyclase activity and increasing phosphoinositide hydrolysis.
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.048
• 
  
• http://engineering.colorado.edu/news/CUE/2008/features/mech.htm
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.005
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.08.011
• 
  
• When mice behavior was assessed in a cross maze, those fed the lowest and mid-level fish-containing diets developed higher anxiety state behaviors compared to mice fed with control diet. The 0.1% (5ng/d) fish-containing regimen proved to affect gene expression, muscle mitochondrial respiration, and triggered an anxiety-driven behavior in mice.
• The level of mercury in rain ranged from 1.3 to 81.2 nanograms per liter
• 
  
• Cigarette smoke contains up to 11.5 nanograms of mercury per cigarette in mainstream smoke and up to 16.6 nanograms of mercury per cigarette in side stream smoke. Mitochondrial respiratory rates showed a 35-40% decrease in respiration for the three contaminated mice groups. In the muscles of mice fed the lightest fish-containing diet, cytochrome c oxidase activity was decreased to 45% of that of the control muscles
• 
  
• http://groups.google.com/group/sci.life-extension/browse_thread/thread/1da1d8a1a75e0309/e2a82f5cdf7c3667?q#e2a82f5cdf7c3667
• Magnesium and DNA repair - sci.life-extension | Google Groups
• groups.google.com
• 1. Magnesium chloride, magnesium aspartate, magnesium gluconate, and magnesium lactate are better tolerated than magnesium oxide.
• 
  
• http://groups.google.com/group/sci.life-extension/browse_thread/thread/159949aa0417e215/fe31c808d8139c02?q#fe31c808d8139c02
• extremely low frequency magnetic fields suppress GABA function - sci.life-extension | Google Gro
• groups.google.com
•      
• This study investigated the effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on the sensitivity of seizure response to bicuculline, picrotoxin and NMDA in mice. The mice were exposed to either a sham or 20 G ELF-MFs for 24 hours. Convulsants were then administered i.p. at various
• 
  
• http://groups.google.com/group/sci.life-extension/browse_thread/thread/607a4812640f3b20?pli=1
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20381588
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9096133
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18602929
• 
  
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100729144223.htm
• Memory's master switch: Molecular power behind memory discovered
• www.sciencedaily.com
• A new study describes GABA, a natural molecule that occurs in the brain, which could be the main factor in regulating how many new memories we can generate. The understanding of these mechanisms might lead to the development of new memory enhancers and new treatments for neurodegenerative diseases
• 
  
• http://www.jneurosci.org/content/25/2/507.short Specific Modulation of Na+ Channels in Hippocampal Neurons by Protein Kinase C∊
• www.jneurosci.org
• Cellular/Molecular
• 
  
• http://www.gizmag.com/go/4635/
• Electrifying food while it is being cooked could be major breakthrough
• www.gizmag.com
• American cookware manufacturer LifeWare Technologies has announced the launch of a new line of cookware that it claims electromechanically reduce
• 
  
• http://mellyoitzl.org/IRTG-school08/Speakers%20Lit/HansReul/Reul3.pdf
• 
  
• It may be speculated, however, that given that MSK is a potent CREB kinase and CREB phosphorylation is indeed taking place in dentate neurons after psychological stressors such as forced swimming and novelty (Bilang-Bleuel et al., 2002),
• under such circumstances P-CREB may recruit one of the coactivator CREB-binding proteins (e.g. CBP, P300, pCAF) whose histone acetyl transferase (HAT) activity has been shown, at least in vitro, to acetylate histone H3 at Lys14.
• 
  
• http://www.xmission.com/~total/temple/Soapbox/Articles/glutathione.html
• 
  
• Reduced glutathione appears to be essential for maintaining normal red-cell structure and for keeping hemoglobin in the ferrous state. Magnesium deprivation resulted in elevated circulating substance P; changes in the release of other neurogenic peptides, including decreases in calcitonin generelated peptide and neuropeptide Y.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755791/
• 
  
• Caspases, a group of cysteine proteases, play an essential role in programmed cell death. Activation of caspase-3 is involved in N-arachidonoylserotonin-induced inhibition of aberrant crypt foci formation. Endocannabinoids appear to involve caspase-3 activation and subsequent apoptosis of colon preneoplastic cells.
• 
  
• http://www.med.upenn.edu/ins/Journal%20Club/Fall%202008/David%20Sweatt/Levenson%20and%20Sweatt%20NRN%20Epigenetics.pdf
• 
  
• In addition, systemic administration of the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate enhanced the formation of contextual fear memories98. In both studies, HDAC inhibitors did not affect short-term memory98,109. In these studies, it was possible that the drugs that were
•  used affected other cellular processes. However, taking all the data into consideration, these studies indicate that long-term behavioural memory regulates, and is regulated by, the epigenome.
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain
• Calpain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• A calpain (pronounced /ˈkælpeɪn/[1]; EC 3.4.22.52, EC 3.4.22.53) is a protein belonging to the family of calcium-dependent, non-lysosomal cysteine proteases (proteolytic enzymes) expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Calpains constitute the C2 family of protease clan CA in the
• 
  
• http://astrowow.wordpress.com/2010/12/08/apogalacticon/
• 
  
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-3988(10)60047-5
• 
  
• These data indicate that D-galactose and L-glucose form AGEs in vivo and that elevated AGEs may accelerate the aging process.
• 
  
• http://www.aseanfood.info/Articles/11022067.pdf
• 
  
• It is important to note that the galactose content of all fruits and vegetables analyzed was still under 40 mg/100 g, which is mimimal when compared to the galactose content of dairy products. Assuming that the galactose in dairy products is 50% of the lactose concentration, milk contains 2000–2500 mg galactose/100 g, while cheddar cheese can contain up to 1000mg/100 g.
• 
  
• http://www.galactose.org/research.html
• 
  
• http://pureformulas.com/brocco-immune-60-vcaps-by-protocol-for-life-balance.html
• 
  
• http://www.growery.org/forums/showflat.php/Number/526388
• 
  
• http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=6&fid=2688320&jid=BJN&volumeId=100&issueId=06&aid=2688316&bodyId&membershipNumber&societyETOCSession&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0007114508975607
• 
  
• http://www.nutraingredients.com/Research/Orafti-consolidates-science-for-inulin-oligofructose
• 
  
• Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542786
• 
  
• http://pyrroloquinoline-quinone.com/
• 
  
• http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0006759
• 
  
• http://www.mall-net.com/mcs/afung.html
• 
  
• http://www.kefirlady.com/orderkefirgrains.htm
• 
  
• http://www.beneo-orafti.com/Our-Products/Natural-Food-Ingredients http://www.sabinsa.com/products/beverage-ingredients/cococin/
• 
  
• http://www.upo.es/export/portal/com/bin/portal/upo/profesores/amancar/profesor/1232643757415_publicaciones.pdf
• 
  
• http://www.upo.es/export/portal/com/bin/portal/upo/profesores/amancar/profesor/1232643757415_publica
• 
  
• http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822%2808%2901614-X Current Biology - Lack of DREAM Protein Enhances Learning and Memory and Slows Brain Aging
• www.cell.com
• Ángela Fontán-Lozano1, Rocío Romero-Granados1, Yaiza del-Pozo-Martín1, Irene Suárez-Pereira1, José María Delgado-García1, Josef M. Penninger2, , and Ángel Manuel Carrión1, ,
• 
  
• Systemic administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, sodium butyrate (NaB; 0.3 M, 0.4 g/kg, i.p.), significantly increased the levels of LiCl-induced c-Fos and phospho-acetylated histone H3 in the CeA.
• 
  
• NaB(sodium butyrate) also enhanced conditioned taste aversion learning induced by pairing saccharin consumption with LiCl(lithium chloride) injection, by making the conditioned taste aversion more resistant to extinction. These results suggest that LiCl-induced c-Fos expression may be regulated by modification of histone H3, especially phospho-acetylation, in the CeA(central nucleus of the amygdala).
• 
  
• Chromatin modifications such as acetylation and phosphorylation are necessary for optimal gene expression, and gene expression may be increased by inhibiting the activity of histone deacetylases. LiCl (0.15 M, 12 ml/kg, i.p.) highly increased the levels of acetylation and phospho-acetylation of histone H3 in the CeA.
• 
  
• http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Details_Of_Solar_Particles_Penetrating_The_Earth_Environment_Revealed_999.html
• Details Of Solar Particles Penetrating The Earth Environment Revealed
• www.spacedaily.com
• Paris, France (ESA) Oct 04, 2006 - Co-ordinated efforts by China/ESA's Double Star and ESA's Cluster spacecraft have allowed scientists to zero in on an area where energetic particles from the Sun are blasting their way through the Earth's magnetic shield. Solar material penetrating the Earth's ma
• 
  
• http://www.ann-geophys.net/12/183/1994/angeo-12-183-1994.html
• ANGEO - Abstract - Role of interchange instability in flux transfer event origin
• www.ann-geophys.net
• The instability increment is calculated for various magnitudes of the azimuthal wave number, ky, and curvature radius of the magnetic field lines, Rc. The disturbances with R-1e≤ky≤4R-1e (where Re is the Earth's radius) and Rc≅Re are the most unstable.
• 
  
• http://magbase.rssi.ru/REFMAN/SPPHTEXT/fte.html
• Space Physics Group of Oulu
• magbase.rssi.ru
• One of the most interesting aspects of FTEs are their signatures on ground: they are still not known for sure (e.g., Glassmeier and Stellmacher, 1996). Number of possibilities exist:
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_transfer_event
• Flux transfer event - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• A flux transfer event (FTE) occurs when a magnetic portal opens in the Earth's magnetosphere through which high-energy particles flow from the Sun. This connection, while previously thought to be permanent, has been found to be brief and very dynamic. The European Space Agency's four Cluster spacecr
• http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/1999/1998JA900023.shtml
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18814864 Epigenetic regulation in human brain-focus on hist [Biol Psychiatry. 2009]
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21421011 Posttraining systemic administration of the histon [Behav Brain Res. 2011]
• 
  
• http://www.fasebj.org/content/22/11/3938 Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to ger
• www.fasebj.org
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
• 
  
• http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/suppl_1/i78.full Origin, Early Commitment, Migratory Routes, and Destination of Cannabinoid Type 1 Receptor-Containin
• cercor.oxfordjournals.org
• It is now well established that inhibitory interneurons of the cerebral cortex display large diversity, but where each subclass originates and how they acquire final position and physiological characteristics is only begin to be elucidated. Recent studies in
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10795763 Combined oral sodium butyrate and mesalazine treat [Dig Dis Sci. 2000]
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21345224 The actin-bundling protein fascin is overexpressed [BMC Gastroenterol. 2011]
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v23/n6/abs/7600163a.html
• http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v23/n6/abs/7600163a.html
• 
  
• Serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (NaGalase) is responsible for the deglycosylation of vitamin D(3)-binding protein (Gc protein). The deglycosylated Gc protein cannot be converted into major macrophage-activating factor (MAF), leading to immunosuppression. NaGalase is universally detected in a variety of cancer patients, but not in healthy individuals.
• 
  
• http://www.isps-us.org/koehler/social_environment_influence.htm Social environment’s influence on biological processes, including gene expression
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18237558 The role of reelin in adult synaptic function and  [Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008]
• 
  
• http://people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~ginsparg/Phys446-546/fa03/nyt07oct03epi.html A Pregnant Mother's Diet May Turn the Genes Around
• With the help of some fat yellow mice, scientists have discovered exactly how a mother's diet can permanently alter the functioning of genes in her offspring without changing the genes themselves.
• 
  
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
• 
  
•       http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin family of peptides, which in humans exists in two forms, α-CGRP and β-CGRP. α-CGRP is a 37-amino acid peptide and is formed from the alternative splicing of the calcitonin/CGRP gene located on chromosome 11. The less-studied β-CGRP
• 
  
• http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/dissertations/AAINR36069/ "Neuroprotection by melatonin and neural stem cells in a model of Parki" by Rohita Sharma
• Several studies have reported the neuroprotective effects of administering pharmacological concentrations of the indoleamine melatonin in various models of Parkinson's disease (PD). Treatment with physiological concentrations of melatonin increased the expression of GDNF in rat C6 glioma cells.
• 
  
• Whereas most reelin+ Cajal–Retzius cells disappear from the brain due of programmed cell death during the early postnatal period (Super et al. 1998), CB1/reelin+ interneurons undergo a secondary migration (Morozov and Freund 2003b; Morozov et al. 2006) and appear to continue secreting reelin in a cannabinoid-dependent manner during late postnatal development and adulthood.
• 
  
• http://www.center4cancer.com/glyco-protein.php
• Dr. Yamamoto's Vitamin-D binding protein
• Vitamin-D binding protein. Dr. Nobuto Yamamoto, director of the Division of Cancer Immunology and Molecular Biology, Socrates Institute for Therapeutic Immunology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania says this is probably the most potent macrophage activating factor ever discovered
• 
  
• http://www.isps-us.org/koehler/social_environment_influence.htm Social environment’s influence on biological processes, including gene expression
• 
  
• Needed in the art are new compounds and methods for safely and economically treating plants, with or without the above-described enhancing agents, to protect them against adverse environmental stresses and agents that can typically adversely affect the plant's own antioxidant system.
• http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20080274888#ixzz1KXgmZ5xe
• N-Acetylcysteine Amide (Nac Amide) for Enhancing Plant Resistance and Tolerance to Environmental Stress
• 
  
• Moreover, ethanol was able to nearly abolish arachidonic acid release in response to fluoroaluminate, a direct activator of G-proteins. Altogether, the results of this study suggest that ethanol inhibits zymosan-stimulated eicosanoid production by interacting with a G-protein — or a G-protein-mediated process — that is critically involved in arachidonic acid mobilization.
• 
  
• Homocysteine Reduction - Homocysteine, Homocysteine Levels - Life Extension Health Concern www.lef.org
• Then in 1968 a Harvard researcher named Dr. Kilmer McCully noticed that children with genetically Elevated Homocysteine Levels experienced Heart Disease similar to the Heart Disease found in middle-aged patients. Learn about Homocysteine, Homocysteine Levels, and Elevated Homocysteine Levels.
• 
  
• http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/neural/syntxn2b.htm Interactive Fly, Drosophila
• Syntaxin 1A EVOLUTIONARY HOMOLOGS part 3/3 Vertebrate syntaxins, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicular trafficking Syntaxin 1A is a nervous system-specific protein thought to function during the late steps of the regulated secretory pathway by mediating the docking of secretory ves
• 
  
• Loss of p53-upregulated mediator of apoptosis (Puma) resulted in marked protection from ethanol-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis.
• http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/post_prints/EffectsOfN-AcetylcysteineAmide%28NACA%29,AThiolAnti_09007dcc805ad00a.html
• Effects of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA), a thiol antioxidant on radiation-induced cytotoxicity in C
• Ionizing radiation is known to cause tissue damage in biological systems, mainly due to its ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Many thiol antioxidants have been used previously as radioprotectors, but their application has been limited by their toxicity.
• 
  
• Impacts of stable element intake on 14C and 129I d [Health Phys. 2005]
• 
  
• http://www.mombu.com/medicine/medicine/t-zinc-l-carnosine-blocks-leaky-gut-syndrome-kidney-in-vitro-rheumatoid-arthritis-colitis-arthritis-2447626.html
• 
  
• http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v36/n2/full/npp2010179a.html Neuropsychopharmacology - Regulation of Hippocampal Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Actions by Adenosine A1
• 
  
• Penrose and Hameroff have suggested that microtubules function as quantum computers, with tubulin proteins within microtubules
• Along similar lines, Mari Jibu, Kunio Yasue and Scott Hagan29,38 calculated that Frohlich dynamics of ordered water on microtubule surfaces, particularly the internal hollow core of microtubules, would result in quantum optical modes termed super-radiance and self-induced transparency
• 
  
• Conformational states of individual tubulins within neuronal microtubules are determined by quantum mechanical London forces within the tubulin interiors which can induce conformational quantum superposition. While in superposition, tubulins communicate/compute with entangled tubulins in the same microtubule, and in other microtubules in the same neuron. Quantum states in microtubules in any given neuron may extend to microtubules in neighboring neurons, and through macroscopic regions of brain via tunneling through gap junctions and possibly tunneling nanotubes. Quantum states of tubulin/microtubuless are isolated/protected from environmental decoherence by biological mechanisms which include phases of actin gelation, ordered water, plasma-like Debye layering, coherent pumping and topological quantum error correction . Microtubule quantum computations/superpositions are tuned or `orchestrated' by microtubule associated proteins during a classical, liquid phase which alternates (e.g. at 40 Hz) with a quantum, solid state phase.
• 
  
• Following periods of pre-conscious quantum computation (e.g. on the order of tens to hundreds of milliseconds) tubulin superpositions reduce or collapse by Penrose quantum gravity `objective reduction' (OR). The classical output states which result from the OR process are chosen non-algorithmically (`noncomputably') and then govern neurophysiological events by binding of microtubule associated proteins, regulating synapses and membrane functions etc.
• 
  
• The reduction or `self-collapse' in the orchestrated objective reduction `Orch OR' model is suggested to be a `conscious moment', linked to Penrose's quantum gravity mechanism which ties the process to fundamental spacetime geometry. This connection enables a pan-protopsychist approach to the `hard problem' of subjective experience
• 
  
• http://www.biomedsolutions.com/patents/20050143791.html
• Process of Treating a Cell - US Patent Application 2005/0143791
• Included in this disclosure is a process for treating a cell in which the tubulin pattern of a centriole is caused to change in response to altering its physical state. In this manner, the tubulin pattern can be selectively reprogrammed.
• 
  
• Quantum dipole oscillations within macroscopic proteins were first proposed by Frohlich (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4211-4215, 1975) to regulate protein conformation and engage in macroscopic coherence. Conrad (Chaos, Solitons Fractals, v, 423-438, 1994) suggested quantum superposition of various possible protein conformations occur before one is selected. Roitberg et al (Science 268 (5315), 1319-1322, 1995) showed functional protein vibrations which depend on quantum effects centered in two hydrophobic phenylalanine residues, and Tejada et al (Science, 272, 424-426, 1996) have evidence to suggest quantum coherent states exist in the protein ferritin. In protein folding, non-local quantum electron spin interactions among hydrophobic regions guide formation of protein tertiary conformation (Klein-Seetharaman et al., Science, 295, 1719-1722, 2002), suggesting protein folding may rely on spin-mediated quantum computation. Other experiments have shown quantum wave behavior of biological porphyrin molecules (Hackermuller et al., Phys. Rev. Left. 91, 090408, 2003). In both benzene and porphyrin, and in hydrophobic aromatic amino acid groups in proteins such as tubulin, delocalizable electrons may harness thermal environmental energy to promote, rather than destroy, quantum states. For example, Ouyang and Awschalom (Science, 301, 1074-1078, 2002) showed that quantum spin transfer through biological benzene rings is more efficient at higher temperatures.
• 
  
• [0047] In one embodiment of this invention, the aforementioned activities which result in mirror-like centriole functions are acted upon to reset the quantum state of one centriole, reverting it to its pre-disease state. In one embodiment, the physical properties of a centriole are reset via treatment with coherent photonic radiation. This alteration of the physical properties resets the quantum state of the centriole. The entangled twin centriole then reacts to this change in quantum state and is likewise reset. By irradiating multiple cells (i.e. a tissue or an entire patient) a plurality of cells are treated. In one embodiment, the qubit patterns are reset using mediated entanglement. In another embodiment, the qubit patterns are reset using pulsed laser radiation. In one embodiment the crystallographic or otherwise obtained information demonstrating the physical state of the healthy centriole will be used to customize the laser irradiation of the diseased tissue/centrioles.
• 
  
• [0048] In one embodiment, the photonic radiation is coherent radiation with a narrow band wavelength of from about 400 nm to about 1060 nm. In another embodiment, the wavelength is from about 400 nm to about 800 nm. In another embodiment, the wavelength is from about 600 nm to about 750 nm. In another embodiment, the photonic radiation is non-coherent radiation with a range of wavelengths from about 400 nm to about 1060 nm. In another embodiment the photonic radiation is an interference pattern between two or more coherent laser sources.
• 
  
• [0049] In one embodiment coherent photonic radiation is used to inhibit mitosis in cancerous tissue by radiation with a power density between about 500 milliwatts per square centimeter and about 1 watt per square centimeter, without substantially increasing the temperature of said biological tissue but the power density is selected so as to disable or disassemble the centrioles due to the resultant optical resonant effects. This embodiment of the invention thus operates within a window of intensity; lower level photonic irradiation is known increase centriole replication, which is undesirable; higher levels result in heating of the tissue, which is likewise undesirable.
• 
  
• [0050] As previously discussed, within microtubules, individual tubulins exist in different states which can change on various time scales. Reference may be had to FIG. 4. In FIG. 4 the state of each centriole is euphemistically represented as either spin up or down (right or left). In actuality the states of each centriole are far more complex, since each tubulin could be in one particular binary state. There are approximately 30,000 tubulins per centriole cylinder. If each tubulin can be in one of two possible states, each centriole could be in one of 2.sup.30,000 possible states. Considering variations in isozymes and post-translational modifications, each tubulin may exist in many more than two possible states (e.g. 10), and centrioles may therefore exist in up to 10.sup.30,000 possible states. A variety of forces act upon the tubulins to generate these states, each of which corresponds with a particular state of cellular differentiation.
• 
  
• [0051] The types of forces operating among amino acid side groups within a protein include charged interactions such as ionic forces and hydrogen bonds, as well as interactions between dipoles--separated charges in electrically neutral groups. Dipole-dipole interactions are known as van der Waals forces and include three types: (1) permanent dipole-permanent dipole, (2) permanent dipole-induced dipole, and (3) induced dipole-induced dipole. Induced dipole-induced dipole interactions are the weakest but most purely non-polar. They are known as London dispersion forces, and although quite delicate (40 times weaker than hydrogen bonds) are numerous and highly influential. The London force attraction between any two atoms is usually less than a few kilojoules, however thousands occur in each protein. As other forces cancel out, London forces in hydrophobic pockets tend to govern protein conformational states.
• 
  
• [0052] London forces ensue from the fact that atoms and molecules which are electrically neutral and (in some cases) spherically symmetrical, nevertheless have instantaneous electric dipoles due to asymmetry in their electron distribution: electrons in one cloud repel those in the other, forming dipoles in each. The electric field from each fluctuating dipole couples to others in electron clouds of adjacent non-polar amino acid side groups. Due to inherent uncertainty in electron localization, the London forces which regulate tubulin states are quantum mechanical and subject to quantum uncertainty. While not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, applicants believe that 1) tubulins in microtubules and centrioles can act as qubits, and 2) centrioles, which are comprised of tubulin, are entangled through quantum entanglement and remain entangled after separation.
• 
  
• [0053] The enigmatic perpendicular centriole replication provides an opportunity for each tubulin in a mature ("mother") centriole to be transiently in contact, either directly or via filamentous proteins, with a counterpart in the immature ("daughter") centriole. Thus the state of each tubulin (genetic, post-translational, electronic, and conformational) may be relayed to its daughter counterpart tubulin in the replicated centriole, resulting in an identical or complementary mosaic of tubulins, and two identical or complementary centrioles. Assuming proteins may exist in quantum superposition of states, transient contact of tubulin twins during centriole replication would enable quantum entanglement so that subsequent states and activities of originally coupled tubulins within the paired centrioles would be unified. Then if a particular tubulin in one centriole cylinder is perturbed ("measured"), or its course or activities altered, its twin tubulin in the paired centriole "feels" the effect and respond accordingly in a fashion analogous to quantum entangled EPR pairs. Thus activities of replicated centrioles are mirror-like, precisely what is needed for normal mitosis. While not wishing to be bound to any particular theory, applicants believe that abnormal or absent entanglement between centrioles leads to abnormal distribution of chromosomes, aneuploidy, genomic instability and cancer.
• 
  
• Quantum states in proteins and protein assemblies: The essence of life? http://mitacs-gw.phys.ualberta.ca/~jtus/PDF_conferences/quantum_states.pdf
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• Technological quantum computation became more feasible with the advent of quantum error correction codes in the early 1990s. This means that algorithms run on the quantum computer can detect and correct errors due to random localized decoherence before they destroy the global quantum state. In some cases specific topological structural geometry of the quantum computer enhances the error correction. For example toroidal surfaces may have global, topological degrees of freedom which are protected from local errors and decoherence. The topology of microtubule lattices involves helical windings which repeat on any given protofilament according to the Fibonacci series (3,5,8,13,21…). Each of the winding patterns also corresponds with pathways along specific aromatic amino acid groups which may promote exciton or spin transfer along those pathways. If the winding patterns, rather than individual tubulin subunits are taken as qubits, then microtubules may be resistant to decoherence by virtue of topological quantum error correction. If any individual tubulin in a winding decoheres, it will resonate back into quantum superposition by other tubulins. In this scenario the output of the quantum computation will be specific combinations of winding patterns which are known to induce binding of microtubule associated proteins which in turn determine cytoskeletal structure and function.
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• Recent quantum information technology utilizes unpaired electron quantum spin (rather than electron location) to represent information (“spintronics”). As previously mentioned, electron quantum spin transfer through organic benzene molecules (the same as found in aromatic amino acids) is more efficient at room temperature than at absolute zero. At physiological temperature, unpaired electron spins form networks in protein interiors, and nonlocal quantum effects are important in protein folding. What about microtubules and spintronics? Microtubules are ferromagnetic lattices which align parallel to strong magnetic fields, accounted for by single unpaired electrons per tubulin. Atomic structure of tubulin shows two positively charged areas (~100-150 meV) near the alpha-beta dimer “neck” separated by a negatively charged area of about 1.5 nanometers. This region constitutes a double well potential which Figure 10. Left: A lattice neighborhood of 7 tubulin dimers showing connected locations of tryptophans and vertical pathways along protofilament; Right: Lattice neighborhood of 7 tubulin dimers with connected locations of aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and histidine which correspond with winding patterns along the 3,5 and 8 helical starts. Alternate pathways could provide topological quantum error correction via the Aharonov-Bohm effect should enable inter-well quantum tunneling of single electrons and spin states since the energy depth is significantly above thermal fluctuations (kT=25 meV at room temperature). The intra-tubulin dielectric constant is only 2, compared to roughly 80 outside the microtubule. Hence neither environmental nor thermal effects threaten quantum spin states in the double well.
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• Type 3 induced dipole - induced dipole interactions are the weakest but most purely non-polar. They are known as London dispersion forces, and although quite delicate (40 times weaker than hydrogen bonds) are numerous and influential. The London force attraction between any two atoms is usually less than a few kiloJoules, however thousands occur in each protein, and they may act collectively. As other forces cancel out, London forces in hydrophobic pockets can govern protein conformational states. London forces ensue from the fact that atoms and molecules which are electrically neutral and structurally symmetrical nevertheless have instantaneous electric dipoles due to asymmetry in their electron distribution. The electric field from each fluctuating dipole induces and couples to others in electron clouds of adjacent non-polar amino acid side groups. Due to inherent uncertainty in electron localization, the instantaneous London forces are quantum mechanical effects (Figure 1).
• Anesthetic gases act to ablate consciousness in hydrophobic pockets of certain brain proteins.5 The anesthetic gas molecules do so by forming their own van der Waals London interactions with non-polar amino acid groups in the pockets, presumably impairing normally occurring London force effects necessary for protein functions required for consciousness.
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• A free radical is an atom, ion or molecule that is usually, very reactive and unstable because it has one and only one unpaired electron in an outer orbital, which explain its paramagnetic properties. Exceptions include paramagnetic transition metals like copper.
• Our spin-mediated consciousness theory says that quantum spin is the seat of consciousness and the linchpin between mind and the brain, that is, spin is the mindpixel (Hu & Wu, 2002, 2004a-d).
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• The starting point is the fact that spin is basic quantum bit ("qubit") for encoding information and, on the other hand, neural membranes and proteins are saturated with nuclear spin carrying nuclei and form the matrices of brain electrical activities. Indeed, as discussed above, spin is embedded in the microscopic structure of spacetime as reflected by Dirac equation and is likely more fundamental than spacetime itself as implicated by Roger Penrose’s work. In the Hestenes picture the zitterbewegung associated with spin was shown to be responsible for the quantum effects of the fermion. Further, in the Bohm picture the internal motion associated with spin has been shown to be responsible for the quantum potential which, in turn, is responsible for quantum effects. Thus, if one adopts the minority quantum mind view, nuclear spins and possibly unpaired electron spins become natural candidates for mind-pixels (Hu & Wu, 2002; 2003; 2004a-d)
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• Applying these ideas to the particular structures and dynamics of the brain, we have theorized that human brain works as follows: Through action potential modulated nuclear spin interactions and paramagnetic O2/NO driven activations, the nuclear spins inside neural membranes and proteins form various entangled quantum states and, in turn, the collective dynamics of the said entangled quantum states produces consciousness through contextual, irreversible and non-computable means and influences the classical neural activities through spin chemistry (Hu & Wu, 2002; 2003; 2004a-d)
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• Urinary and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were examined to estimate the relevance
• of oxidative stress in children with brain damage. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2692890/
• Immuno-spin trapping of protein and DNA radicals: “tagging” free radicals to locate and understand the redox process
• http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/strokeaha;28/10/2018 Superior Neuroprotective Efficacy of a Novel Antioxidant (U-101033E) With Improved Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in Focal Cerebral Ischemia
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• http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/spincoherence.htm
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• Glycerol oxidation in discrete areas of rat brain from young, adolescent, and adult rats
• We have reported previously that the oxidation rate of [1,3-14C] glycerol to 14CO2 is lower in whole brain homogenates from neonatal rats and increases about 30% during the suckling period to adult levels
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• Oxidation of ethanol in the brain and its consequences
• Acetaldehyde, a toxic byproduct of ethanol metabolism, may be at least partially responsible for ethanol's actions in the CNS (Hunt 1996; Hashimoto et al. 1989; Bergamaschi et al. 1988; Zimatkin and Deitrich 1997; Thadani and Truitt 1977; Collins et al. 1988; Heap et al. 1995)
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• Reversal of age-related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memor
• Oxygen free radicals and oxidative events have been implicated as playing a role in bringing about the changes in cellular function that occur during aging
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• Brain oxidation is an initial process in sleep induction
• CNS activity is generally coupled to the vigilance state, being primarily active during wakefulness and primarily inactive during deep sleep
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• Metabolic, immune, epigenetic, endocrine and phenotypic abnormalities found in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease may be caused by congenital and/or acquired chronic cerebral toxoplasmosis
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2010.03.009
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• Local interactions between anandamide, an endocannabinoid, and ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in acute and inflammatory pain.
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• Because bradyzoites and sporozoites throughout their life cycle accumulate large amounts of crystalline storage polysaccharide granules analogous to amylopectin within the cytoplasm and are able to build more complex macromolecules, they may be at least in part responsible for the production of amyloid-β senile plaques. Moreover, it seems that the accumulation of iron in senile plaques reflect a defense of the host against T. gondii because this transition metallic ion is necessary for proliferation of tachyzoites. Finally, the beneficial effects of ibuprofen in the patients with AD that restored cellular immunity, decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO, amyloid-β, reduced lipid peroxidation and free radical generation, were consistent with the suggestion that congenital and/or acquired chronic latent CT play an important role in development of these types of neurodegeneration
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• The three pathways for the metabolism of acetaminophen are glucuronidation, sulfation, and the cytochrome P-450 system. One study of children with autism indicated that these children had a sulfation deficit which causes them to process acetaminophen differently from control children (Alberti et al. 1999).
• Sulfation is the primary pathway for acetaminophen metabolism until age 10–12 years (Defendi and Tucker 2009). It is possible that children predisposed to developing autism have a sulfation deficit which may lead to increased blood levels of acetaminophen after therapeutic doses of acetaminophen are administered
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• Monocytes are one of the primary cells of the immune system and differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. If the evidence is correct that acetaminophen acts as an activator of cannabinoid receptors, then activating CB2 receptors could influence the growth of monocytes. Data from our lab indicates that acetaminophen in the media inhibits the cell division of monocytes in a dose dependent manner as assayed with resazurin stain for mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Inhibition of growth is noted even at the therapeutic concentration of 20 micrograms per milliliter. If as proposed, children with autism are poor metabolizers of acetaminophen, higher than normal therapeutic levels could be possible with recommended doses which could lead to a greater inhibition of monocytes
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• It has been shown in several studies that children with autism have immune system dysregulation (Warren et al. 1996, Jyonouchi et al. 2005, Ashwood et al. 2006, Molloy et al. 2006, Li et al. 2009, Entstrom et al. 2010). This dysregulation includes differential monocyte responses, abnormal T helper cytokine levels, decreased T cell mitogen response, decreased numbers of lymphocytes, and abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels. Many studies have shown that children with autism exhibit autoimmunity, in particular antibodies against brain and central nervous system proteins (Singh et al. 1993, Connolly et al. 1999, Ashwood and Van De Water 2004, Cohly and Panja 2005, Kawashti et al. 2006, Wills et al. 2007, Martin et al. 2008). It is proposed that the immune dysregulation in children with autism is due to the influence of acetaminophen on CB2 receptors during gestation or in early childhood
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• It has been proposed that the blockage of fever with antipyretics (as acetaminophen) could lead to autism by interfering with normal immunologic development (Torres 2003). Children with autism have reported to have a decrease in autism symptoms when they have a fever (Sullivan 1980, Cotterill 1985, Torres 2003, Curran et al. 2007). It is interesting to note that activation of CB1 receptors, in addition to providing an analgesic effect, causes a decrease in body temperature
• (Fraga et al. 2009). This type of effect may be further evidence of endocannabinoid disruption in children with autism
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• Other environmental factors may also be involved in triggering autism. For example, low levels of breastfeeding could decrease immune protection in infants by decreasing mother to child transfer of IgA. Decreased immune protection could make a child more vulnerable to viral infection which in theory could lead to autism. Lack of breastfeeding has been shown to be associated with autism (Schultz et al. 2006). This same study found an association between use of infant formula without docosahexaenoic acid or arachidonic acid supplementation and autism. Arachidonic acid metabolism is an integral part of the endocannabinoidsystem and its disruption could be further evidence of a role for the endocannabinoid system in autism
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis is essential to the workings of the memristor, a circuit component which "remembers" changes in the current passing through it by changing its resistance.
• 'Missing link' memristor created: Rewrite the textbooks? www.eetimes.com
• HP Labs' Stanley Williams has invented the world's first memristor, the 'missing link' in circuit theory--a fourth passive-device type after resistors, capacitors and inductors--as predicted by University of California at Berkeley professor, Leon Chua.
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.062
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.11.010
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.004 Acute restraint stress in rats was found to induce an increase in glutathione levels in the cerebellum after 2 and 4 h of immobilization
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• Repeated restraint stress suppresses neurogenesis and induces biphasic PSA-NCAM expression in the adult rat dentate gyrus.
• The results show that acute restraint stress did not change either the proliferation of dentate gyrus precursor cells or the expression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule, whereas 3 weeks of chronic restraint stress suppressed proliferation by 24% and increased polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression by 40%. The study was extended for an additional 3 weeks to trace the survival and development of the cells born after the initial 3 weeks of restraint. Rats subjected to 6 weeks of daily restraint stress exhibited suppressed cell proliferation and attenuated survival of the recently born cells after the extended time course, resulting in a 47% reduction of granule cell neurogenesis. Furthermore, 6 weeks of chronic stress significantly reduced the total number of granule cells by 13% and the granule cell layer volume by 5%. Expression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule followed a biphasic time course, displaying a significant up-regulation after 3 weeks of daily restraint stress that was lost after 6 weeks of stress. These studies may help us understand the basis for hippocampal shrinkage and raise questions about the ultimate reversibility of the effects of chronic stress
• Chronic restraint stress decreases the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi2 in the mouse hippocampus
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• Chronic restraint stress in mice affects hippocampal structure and function. Mice were subjected to daily restraint for 3 weeks, and gene expression in hippocampus was compared to controls using large-scale cDNA microarrays. We found that 444 genes were differentially expressed, and further analysis of 6 genes by real-time reverse transcription PCR confirmed that 3 of them were downregulated by stress. These 3 genes, growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase, type 1 beta (Pip5k1b), and glutathione S-transferase, pi2 (Gstp2), were also analyzed by in situ hybridization. The downregulation of Gstp2 may induce an increase of oxidative damage in the pyramidal cells of the CA1 and CA3 regions and granular layer of the dentate gyrus, leading to structural and functional damage. Those regions are affected by stress, and our results could help understand further the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of stress-related disorders
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15576840
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15525997
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15331569
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:15787710
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19675536
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19563475
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19259645
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:12839875
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19357347
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:18509042
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:17409233
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• The postmortal accumulation of brain N-arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) is dependent upon fatty acid amide hydrolase activity. The endocannabinoid system and multiple sclerosis. Role of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids in cerebral ischemia. The endocannabinoid system: a n
• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:20133390
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19484221
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:20405543
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:19154758
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:16950524
• Propionic acid, a widely used food preservative, derived from the bacteria that makes the holes in swiss cheese, shown to cause neuroinflammation and worsen or induce symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder.
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• http://lib.bioinfo.pl/pmid:18395759
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• Intracerebroventricular injection of propionic acid, an enteric bacterial metabolic end-product, impairs social behavior in the rat: Implications for an animal model of autism.
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• Compared to controls, rats treated with PPA displayed social behavior impairments as indicated by significantly greater mean distance apart, reduced time spent in close proximity, reduced playful interaction, and altered responses to playful initiations. Treatment with another short chain fatty acid, sodium acetate, produced similar impairments.
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionibacteria Propionic acid (PPA) is a short chain fatty acid and an important intermediate of cellular metabolism. PPA is also a by-product of a subpopulation of human gut enterobacteria and is a common food preservative. We examined the behavioural, electrophysiological, neuropathological, and biochemical effects of treatment with PPA and related compounds in adult rats. Intraventricular infusions of PPA produced reversible repetitive dystonic behaviours, hyperactivity, turning behaviour, retropulsion, caudate spiking, and the progressive development of limbic kindled seizures, suggesting that this compound has central effects. Biochemical analyses of brain homogenates from PPA treated rats showed an increase in oxidative stress markers (e.g., lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation) and glutathione S-transferase activity coupled with a decrease in glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity. Neurohistological examinations of hippocampus and adjacent white matter (external capsule) of PPA treated rats revealed increased reactive astrogliosis (GFAP immunoreactivity) and activated microglia (CD68 immunoreactivity) suggestive of a neuroinflammatory process. This was coupled with a lack of cytotoxicity (cell counts, cleaved caspase 3′ immunoreactivity), and an increase in phosphorylated CREB immunoreactivity. We propose that some types of autism may be partial forms of genetically inherited or acquired disorders involving altered PPA metabolism. Thus, intraventricular administration of PPA in rats may provide a means to model some aspects of human ASD in rats
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• Sodium acetate may be added to foods as a seasoning. It may be used in the form of sodium diacetate — a 1:1 complex of sodium acetate and acetic acid,[1] given the E-number E262. A frequent use of this form is in salt and vinegar chips in the United States. Many US brands, including national manufacturer Frito-Lay, sell "salt and vinegar flavoured" chips that use this chemical, with lactose and smaller percentages of other chemicals, in lieu of a real salt and vinegar preparation.
• Stephen Hecht and colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis asked 12 volunteers with a history of smoking to smoke a cigarette laced with phenanthrene, a type of PAH that binds with DNA but is non-carcinogenic.
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• The results demonstrated that the three-step pathway resulting in the formation of diol epoxides, as monitored by [D10]PheT, occurred with remarkable rapidity. Levels of [D10]PheT in plasma of all subjects were maximal at the earliest time points examined, 15−30 min after smoking the cigarette containing [D10]phenanthrene, and decreased thereafter. These results demonstrate that the formation of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxide occurs rapidly in smokers. Because polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxides are mutagenic and carcinogenic, the results clearly demonstrate immediate negative health consequences of smoking
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• Omega-3 supplementation by pregnant mothers restores deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI), a behavioral response that is impaired during a window of 3-5 weeks during nursing, by restoring hippocampal neurogenesis in children that would later develop schizophrenia, autism, and bipolar disorder.
• Arachidonic Acid Drives Postnatal Neurogenesis and Elicits a Beneficial Effect on Prepulse Inhibitio
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• It is noteworthy that the administration of ARA successfully and dramatically increased neurogenesis not only in wild-type but also Pax6(+/−) rats. It is known that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays an important role in neurogenesis [26], stimulates CB2, a receptor for endocannabinoids and promotes mouse neural stem cell proliferation [27]. Both PGE2 and endocannabinoids are metabolites of ARA. It is also possible that ARA itself augments proliferation of neural progenitor cells. ARA could be transmitted from Fabps to nuclear receptor proteins [17], thereby indirectly controlling the transcription of genes related to cell proliferation. This scenario is analogous to that where retinoic acid (a metabolite of vitamin A) is transmitted from a cellular retinoic acid binding protein and Fabp5 to nuclear receptors RAR and PPARβ/δ, respectively [28]. We also speculate from our current study that the effect of DHA albeit small, may be caused by promoting differentiation and prevention of apoptosis, rather than by increasing cell proliferation
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• As a test of plausibility for the hypothesis that schizophrenia can result from abnormal brain, especially cerebral cortical, development, these studies examined whether, in the rat, disruption of brain development initiated on embryonic day (E) 17, using the methylating agent methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), leads to a schizophrenia-relevant pattern of neural and behavioral pathology. Specifically, we tested whether this manipulation leads to disruptions of frontal and limbic corticostriatal circuit function, while producing schizophrenia-like, region-dependent reductions in gray matter in cortex and thalamus. METHODS: In offspring of rats administered MAM (22 mg/kg) on E17 or earlier (E15), regional size, neuron number and neuron density were determined in multiple brain regions. Spontaneous synaptic activity at prefrontal cortical (PFC) and ventral striatal (vSTR) neurons was recorded in vivio. Finally, cognitive and sensorimotor processes mediated by frontal and limbic corticostriatal circuits were assessed. RESULTS: Adult MAM-E17-exposed offspring showed selective histopathology: size reductions in mediodorsal thalamus, hippocampus, and parahippocampal, prefrontal, and occipital cortices, but not in sensory midbrain, cerebellum, or sensorimotor cortex. The prefrontal, perirhinal, and occipital cortices showed increased neuron density with no neuron loss. The histopathology was accompanied by a disruption of synaptically-driven "bistable membrane states" in PFC and vSTR neurons, and, at the behavioral level, cognitive inflexibility, orofacial dyskinesias, sensorimotor gating deficits and a post-pubertal-emerging hyper-responsiveness to amphetamine. Earlier embryonic MAM exposure led to microcephaly and a motor phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The "MAM-E17" rodent models key aspects of neuropathology in circuits that are highly relevant to schizophrenia
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• Isothiocyanates are derived from the hydrolysis (breakdown) of glucosinolates sulfur-containing compounds found in cruciferous vegetables. They are shown to increase longevity! Buy some garden cress seeds! Lepidium sativum is the name, and it's high in Omega-3s, and glucosinolates.
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• Garden cress ½ cup (25 g) 98mg Glucotropaeolin
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• http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/phytochemicals/isothio/
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• Bio-availability and metabolism of n-3 fatty acid rich garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil in albino rats
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• The Effects of Lepidium sativum Seeds on Fracture-Induced Healing in Rabbits
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ppmc/articles/PMC1994840/ A Study on Clinical Efficacy of Lepidium sativum Seeds in Treatment of Bronchial Asthma
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• http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir/index.php/ijpt/article/viewFile/060501055/212 Physicochemical Properties of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Seed Oil
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• http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5762/is_201005/ai_n53933020/
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• Garden cress (GC) is an annual, glabrous, erect herb cultivated as a culinary vegetable all over Asia and Europe [1, 2]. It is commonly cultivated throughout the temperate regions of India and Pakistan [I]. The GC plant is cultivated in Ethiopia for the edible oil from its seeds [3]. Egyptians used GCO mixed with wild mustard seed oil to stabilise unstable linseed oil [4]. Medieval Indian medical texts record the medicinal properties of the GC plant [1, 2]. Since ancient times, the seeds have been used in local traditional medicine [5]. The GC seeds are bitter, thermogenic, depurative, rubefacient, galactogogue, tonic, aphrodisiac, ophthalmic, antiscorbutic, antihistaminic and diuretic. They are useful in the treatment of asthma, coughs with expectoration, poultices for sprains, leprosy, skin disease, dysentery, diarrhoea, splenomegaly, dyspepsia, lumbago, leucorrhoea, scurvy and seminal weakness [2]. The seedlings are consumed as a spice and are a rich source of glucosinolates [6]. Seeds, leaves and roots of GC are of economic importance too. In India, GC is mainly cultivated for its seeds. Fresh leaves are mainly used in salad and have antibacterial, diuretic and stimulant properties. The juice of eight-day-old, whole GC plants has been shown to be chemoprotective against IQ (2-amino-3-methylimidazo [4.5-/]quinoline)-induced genotoxic effects and colonic neoplastic lesions in rats [7]. GC seeds have been shown to reduce the symptoms of asthma and improve lung function in asthmatics [8]. The seeds have been reported as possessing a hypoglycemic property [9]
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• The study, of the total glucosinolates of the seeds of Lepidium sativum revealed the presence of two glucosinolates, glucotropaeolin and gluconasturin. On the other hand, four glucosinolates were isolated from the fresh herb and were identified as 2 – ethyl butyl glucosinolate, methyl glucosinolate  (glucocapparin), butyl glucosinolate in addition to the glucotropaeolin which was isolated also from the seeds.
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• Nanomolecular Gravitational Interactions Causing Increased Probability of Birth Defects in Humans During Period from Conception to Early Fetus Formation
• Induced change in centriole separation and consequent probability for disadvantageous mutation
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• http://www.nsti.org/publications/MSM/2002/pdf/144.pdf
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• http://www.nsti.org/publications/MSM/2002/pdf/144.pdf
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• It is found that small decreases in gravity that are caused by planet syzygy, full moon presence,and cosmogonic events of deep space can cause a sufficient change in gravitational interactions to affect the nucleons of a single cell or a small nanocluster of cells after initial mitosis such that small but significant changes in normal centriole separation can occur. These slight modifications can cause modifications in bond lengths and bond angles of sheathing water molecules, and changes of the helical DNA structure, and lead to a mutation with adverse consequences
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• Official 2012 Countdown widgetserver.com The official countdown to the end of the Mayan calendar 2012 www.Official2012Countdown.com On December 21st, 2012 A.D. the ancient Mayan Long Count Calendar comes to an abrupt end. There are many scientific theories and historic prophecies
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• 3. Paroxetine (Paxil) - An SSRI antidepressant drug that is 10.3 times more likely to be associated with violence than other drugs. It is also linked to severe withdrawal symptoms and birth defects.
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• 2. Fluoxetine (Prozac) - A popular SSRI antidepressant drug that is 10.9 times more likely to be associated with violence than other drugs.
• www.naturalnews.com
• Study reveals top ten violence-inducing prescription drugs
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• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110114081653.htm
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• http://ehp03.niehs.nih.gov/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.1002727
• 99% of pregnant women in US test positive for multiple chemicals including banned ones, study sugges
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• The bodies of virtually all US pregnant women carry multiple chemicals, including some banned since the 1970s and others used in common products such as non-stick cookware, processed foods and personal care products, according to a new study.
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• The side effect of prolonged laptop use on bare legs (or 'toasted skin syndrome') as temperature und
• www.indopost.com
• A team of researchers of the University Hospital Basel from Swiss has published a report via medical journal Pediatrics and found that computer laptop users who resting their laptops on bare legs for a few hours a day for several
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• Infinity Announces That Purdue Pharmaceutical Products L.P. and Mundipharma International Corporation financial.businessinsider.com
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• Chronic stress and impaired glutamate function elicit a depressive-like phenotype and common changes in gene expression in the mouse frontal cortex
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• http://www.europeanneuropsychopharmacology.com/article/S0924-977X(10)00143-4/abstract
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• http://www.europeanneuropsychopharmacology.com/article/S0924-977X(10)00143-4/abstract
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• Major depression might originate from both environmental and genetic risk factors. The environmental chronic mild stress (CMS) model mimics some environmental factors contributing to human depression and induces anhedonia and helplessness. Mice heterozygous for the synaptic vesicle protein (SVP) vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) have been proposed as a genetic model of deficient glutamate function linked to depressive-like behaviour. Here, we aimed to identify, in these two experimental models, gene expression changes in the frontal cortex, common to stress and impaired glutamate function.
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• Both VGLUT1+/− and CMS mice showed helpless and anhedonic-like behavior. Microarray studies in VGLUT1+/− mice revealed regulation of genes involved in apoptosis, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, protein metabolic process or learning and memory. In addition, RT-PCR studies confirmed gene expression changes in several glutamate, GABA, dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter receptors. On the other hand, CMS affected the regulation of 147 transcripts, some of them involved in response to stress and oxidoreductase activity. Interestingly, 52 genes were similarly regulated in both models. Specifically, a dowregulation in genes that promote cell proliferation (Anapc7), cell growth (CsnK1g1), cell survival (Hdac3), and inhibition of apoptosis (Dido1) was observed. Genes linked to cytoskeleton (Hspg2, Invs), psychiatric disorders (Grin1, MapK12) or an antioxidant enzyme (Gpx2) were also downregulated. Moreover, genes that inhibit the MAPK pathways (Dusp14), stimulate oxidative metabolism (Eif4a2) and enhance glutamate transmission (Rab8b) were upregulated.
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• Consciousness is getting closer to anatomical elucidation.
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• We have recently found that, in layer V of rat neocortex, a subtype of GABAergic interneurons, classified as low-threshold spiking (LTS), undergoes a prominent and long-lasting hyperpolarization following their own repetitive firing. This slow self-inhibition (SSI) is due to the postsynaptic activation of a G-protein-coupled inward rectifier potassium (GIRK) conductance triggered by an activity-dependent autocrine action of endocannabinoids. Slow self-inhibition (SSI) of LTS cortical interneurons is an endocannabinoid-dependent persistent and prominent change of somatodendritic excitability. In the neocortex and hippocampus, interneurons are important players in cortical circuit activity. Some interneurons such as basket cells are responsible for induction and maintenance of various cortical oscillations, by providing feedback inhibition onto glutamatergic pyramidal cells. In contrast, other GABAergic interneurons target pyramidal cell dendrites and might be thus responsible for filtering excitation onto pyramidal neurons.
• Neocortical LTS interneurons belong to this latter class of cells and their self-induced inhibition by 2-AG might provide a persistent tuning of information processing along the dendritic axis of pyramidal cells.
• The neocortex is divided into frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, which perform different functions. For example, the occipital lobe contains the primary visual cortex, and the temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex.
• http://www.nextbio.com/b/search/lit/URB597?type=treatment#sortBy=date
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• http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/12.2/163-169.pdf
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• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00716.x/abstract
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• http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/2/4/593/pdf
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• http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/78/2/260.abstract
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• http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00222.x/abstract
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• http://www.pjoes.com/pdf/12.2/163-169.pdf
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• http://www.jpp.krakow.pl/journal/archive/09_09/pdf/119_09_09_article.pdf
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• http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/7c51bcf947/
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• http://umu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:213724/FULLTEXT01
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• http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJM198805263182102
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• Autism is a neurologic disorder that severely impairs social, language, and cognitive development. Whether autism involves maldevelopment of neuroanatomical structures is not known.
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• The size of the cerebellar vermis in patients with autism was measured on magnetic resonance scans and compared with its size in controls. The neocerebellar vermal lobules VI and VII were found to be significantly smaller in the patients. This appeared to be a result of developmental hypoplasia rather than shrinkage or deterioration after full development had been achieved. In contrast, the adjacent vermal lobules I to V, which are ontogenetically, developmentally, and anatomically distinct from lobules VI and VII, were found to be of normal size. Maldevelopment of the vermal neocerebellum had occurred in both retarded and nonretarded patients with autism. This localized maldevelopment may serve as a temporal marker to identify the events that damage the brain in autism, as well as other neural structures that may be concomitantly damaged.
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• Our findings suggest that in patients with autism, neocerebellar abnormality may directly impair cognitive functions that some investigators have attributed to the neocerebellum; may indirectly affect, through its connections to the brain stem, hypothalamus, and thalamus, the development and functioning of one or more systems involved in cognitive, sensory, autonomic, and motor activities; or may occur concomitantly with damage to other neural sites whose dysfunction directly underlies the cognitive deficits in autism.
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• http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.12.004
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• Abnormal cerebellar morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users
• Functional neuroimaging data from adults have, in general, revealed frontocerebellar dysfunction associated with acute and chronic marijuana (MJ) use. The goal of this study was to characterize cerebellar volume in adolescent chronic MJ users following 1 month of monitored abstinence. Participants were MJ users (n = 16) and controls (n = 16) aged 16–18 years. Extensive exclusionary criteria included history of psychiatric or neurologic disorders. Drug use history, neuropsychological data, and structural brain scans were collected after 28 days of monitored abstinence. Trained research staff defined cerebellar volumes (including three cerebellar vermis lobes and both cerebellar hemispheres) on high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Adolescent MJ users demonstrated significantly larger inferior posterior (lobules VIII–X) vermis volume than controls, above and beyond effects of lifetime alcohol and other drug use, gender, and intracranial volume. Larger vermis volumes were associated with poorer executive functioning. Following 1 month of abstinence, adolescent MJ users had significantly larger posterior cerebellar vermis volumes than non-using controls. These greater volumes are suggested to be pathological based on linkage to poorer executive functioning. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine typical cerebellar development during adolescence and the influence of marijuana use.
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• http://www.nature.com/npp/journal/v21/n1/full/1395350a.html
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• Since qualitative CT studies have suggested decreased cerebellar size in patients with bipolar disorder, we performed a quantitative analysis of the cerebellum in patients with bipolar disorder
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• The number of previous episodes of depression may be largely associated with the smaller V3 area in multiple-episode patients, but this requires future study. Others (Shah et al. 1992) found that depressed patients have smaller anterior, posterior and total vermal areas compared to healthy volunteers.
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• Vermal area 3 (lobules VIII-X) consists of the inferior posterior lobe and nodulus (flocculonodular lobe) of the vermis. Several animal studies support the possibility that these regions play a role in the modulation of behavior. Anand et al. (1959) stimulated the flocculonodular lobe and the anterior and posterior portions of the vermis of dogs and found heavy projections from the flocculonodular and adjoining posterior regions of the vermis to the orbitomesial cortex, anterior cigulate gyrus, amygdala, hippocampal and dentate gyri, pyriform and periamygdaloid cortical regions, and hypothalamus, all of which are believed to regulate mood
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• Higher IQ subjects have not only a higher memory span, but consequently also more complex waveforms of EEG than lower IQ subjects. The most extreme compression of information is represented by the eigenvalues of the power spectrum. There are as much eigenvalues of a spectrum as are harmonics.
• http://www.v-weiss.de/spinadel.html
• http://www.v-weiss.de/spinadel.htmlare
• It is a psychoacoustic fact, known as octave equivalence (GLASSMAN 1999) that all known musical cultures consider a tone twice the frequency of another to be, in some sense, the same tone as the other (only higher). The point of resonance, corresponding to the eigenvalues and zero-crossings of a wave packet (wavelet), is not the frequency of its fundamental, but half of its frequency.
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• Temporal Interactions between Cortical Rhythms
• When a small area of cortex is stimulated a gamma frequency rhythm is generated riding on a post-stimulus depolarisation of both principal cells and local circuit interneurons (Traub et al., 1996). The basic feature of this form of gamma rhythm is the locally synchronous activity generated by interneuron networks, with resulting inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) governing the times at which principal cells may generate action potentials. These principal cell action potentials feed back to local interneurons to generate and modify interneuronal spiking. However, when stimulation is more intense, or more than one region is co-activated, this gamma rhythm transforms into a beta frequency oscillation, with this frequency being approximately half that of the original gamma rhythm.
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• http://www.v-weiss.de/spinadel.html
• 
  
• The pattern of neuronal connectivity within a single cortical column is extremely rich (Binzegger et al., 2004; Thomson et al., 2002), making it likely that even local networks in completely different laminae may readily interact. A solution to the interference problem can be found if the ratio of frequencies is ‘irrational’ . In this situation the two rhythms never fully synchronise and the phase relationship between frequencies constantly changes. Coexistent gamma and beta2 rhythms in association cortex provide an example of this method from minimising interference. The two rhythms are generated in different cortical laminae and survive physical separation of these laminae (Roopun et al., 2006). The ratio of modal peak frequencies is approximately phi, resulting in a periodic pattern of change in low-level synchrony between laminae with period equal to the sum of the two periods of oscillation present. This phenomenon can occur, to some extent, with any pair of co-expressed frequencies. However, in using phi as a common ratio between adjacent frequencies in the EEG spectrum, the neocortex appears to have found a way to pack as many, minimally interfering frequency bands as possible into the available frequency space.
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• If the cortex uses different frequency bands to process different aspects of incoming information then it must also possess the ability to combine information held in these bands to reconstruct this input. Patterns of sensory information are capable of subtle modification of peak frequencies associated with processing input (Gieselmann and Thiele, 2008) such that the background framework of minimally interfering multiple frequencies (above) is disrupted. In such a situation it is possible that frequency ratios may become more favourable for direct temporal interaction between bands. Evidence for this is available from studies using measures of phase synchrony between frequencies. When frequency ratios are integer values, strong phase synchrony can be seen in human MEG recordings (Palva et al., 2005). The key feature of this relationship is that phase between two frequencies must be non-randomly ordered. Stable (i.e. non-random) phase relationships  are seen between frequencies with ratios of 2, 3 and 4 during mental arithmetic tasks in topographically localised regions of neocortex, and the phenomenon has been proposed to be involved in memory matching and attention (Sauseng et al., 2008).
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• Perhaps the most readily observable form of cross-frequency interaction is that of ‘nesting’. Here the amplitude (power) of a discrete frequency band is modified according to the phase of a lower frequency, coexistent rhythm. This pattern is seen when considering gamma rhythms coexisting with theta frequency oscillations in hippocampus (Bragin et al., 1995). Hierarchies of nested rhythms are also seen. Nesting of delta, theta and gamma rhythms exists both  in hippocampus (Penttonen and Buzsaki, 2003) and neocortex (Lakatos et al., 2005). This arrangement of rhythms ensures successively higher frequencies are maximally expressed in a manner dependent on the lower frequencies in the hierarchy and  does not, per se, imply precise phase relationships. However, when nesting is seen it is possible to discern stable phase relationships between different frequencies in a manner, at least superficially, similar to phase synchrony (Lakatos et al., 2005).
• The generation of the Nambu-Goldstone mode in brain corresponds to a memory-storage while an excitation of the NG mode is a recalling of the memory. Therefore, based on our discussion given above, we regard brain is a kind of spin system and the NG boson of brain is interpreted as a magnon. Here we would like to make an argument that the dynamics in brain should be described by the theory of magnetism
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• http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0306/0306021v1.pdf
• After we obtain this viewpoint, we can employ various powerful methods in condensed matter physics to study brain. When the spin system is under a broken-symmetry phase, the system stores a memory, and the excitation of a magnon mode is the recalling of the memory. For example, the thermodynamics of brain can also be studied by the method of the spin system. The effect of the thermal noise can be incorpolated into the theory of brain. The Neel temperature or Curie temperature are interpreted as the temperatures of brain at which the disappearances of the memories might be happend. It is interesting for us to examine what character brain has; ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic or other types of order. It is well-known fact that the dispersion relation of the magnon is different between in the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases.
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• The Model of the Theory of the Quantum Brain Dynamics can be cast on the Heisenberg Spin Hamiltonian http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/quant-ph/pdf/0306/0306021v1.pdf
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• http://www.v-weiss.de/chaos.html
• Reading rate, short term memory, IQ and clock cycle of brain waves
• www.v-weiss.de
• Empirical data for breaking the code of the brain, the power of the mind, golden mean shift, the golden mean as the fundamental of brain waves
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19887554Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit tu [Mol Cancer Ther. 2009]
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• Cannabinoids have been reported to possess antitumorogenic activity. Not much is known, however, about the effects and mechanism of action of synthetic nonpsychotic cannabinoids on breast cancer growth and metastasis. We have shown that the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 are overexpressed in primary human breast tumors compared with normal breast tissue. We have also observed that the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB231, MDA-MB231-luc, and MDA-MB468 express CB1 and CB2 receptors. Furthermore, we have shown that the CB2 synthetic agonist JWH-133 and the CB1 and CB2 agonist WIN-55,212-2 inhibit cell proliferation and migration under in vitro conditions. These results were confirmed in vivo in various mouse model systems. Mice treated with JWH-133 or WIN-55,212-2 showed a 40% to 50% reduction in tumor growth and a 65% to 80% reduction in lung metastasis. These effects were reversed by CB1 and CB2 antagonists AM 251 and SR144528, respectively, suggesting involvement of CB1 and CB2 receptors. In addition, the CB2 agonist JWH-133 was shown to delay and reduce mammary gland tumors in the polyoma middle T oncoprotein (PyMT) transgenic mouse model system. Upon further elucidation, we observed that JWH-133 and WIN-55,212-2 mediate the breast tumor-suppressive effects via a coordinated regulation of cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin E2 signaling pathways and induction of apoptosis. These results indicate that CB1 and CB2 receptors could be used to develop novel therapeutic strategies against breast cancer growth and metastasis.
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• Beneficial effects of cannabinoids (CB) in a murine model of allergen-induced airway inflammation: Role of CB(1)/CB(2) receptors
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21056512
• The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of two cannabinoid (CB) receptors, namely CB(1) and CB(2) receptor, and their endogenous (endocannabinoids) and exogenous (cannabinoids, e.g. delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)) ligands which bind to these
• Beneficial effects of cannabinoids (CB) in a murin [Immunobiology. 2010]
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• THC treatment of C57BL/6 wildtype mice dramatically reduced airway inflammation as determined by significantly reduced total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL).
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• Antidepressant-like effect of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis sativa L. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20332000
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• Psychomotor performance in relation to acute oral administration of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and standardized cannabis extract in healthy human subjects. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19224107
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• Effect of intrapulmonary tetrahydrocannabinol administration in humans http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18515447
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• Inhibition of monoamine oxidase activity by cannabinoids http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20401651
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• Effect of cannabinoids on platelet serotonin uptake http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17508987
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• Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16224541
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• Intra-dorsal periaqueductal gray administration of cannabidiol blocks panic-like response by activating 5-HT1A receptors http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20457188
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• Cannabinoids Potentiate Emotional Learning Plasticity in Neurons of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex through Basolateral Amygdala Inputs http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16775133
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• Exogenous acylethanolamides and digestive system health
• 
  
• Cannabis has been used to treat gastrointestinal (GI) conditions that range from enteric infections and inflammatory conditions to disorders of motility, emesis and abdominal pain. Anatomical, physiological and pharmacological studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system is widely distributed throughout the gut, with regional variation and organ-specific actions. It is involved in the regulation of food intake, nausea and emesis, gastric secretion and gastroprotection, GI motility, ion transport, visceral sensation, intestinal inflammation and cell proliferation in the gut. Modulation of acylethanolamide levels in the gut may provide new pharmacological strategies not only for the treatment of feeding disorders but also for the prevention or cure of widespread intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer.
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• Patented FAAH inhibitor does everything cannabis does, plus.
• Amines that inhibit a mammalian anandamide transporter, and methods of use thereof United States Patent Application 20060281742   One aspect of the present invention relates to amines
• 
  
• Quantum Matter goldennumber.net Artists use Phi and the Golden Section to achieve beauty and balance in layout and design.
• 
  
• Golden ratio discovered in quantum world: Hidden symmetry observed for the first time in solid state
• www.sciencedaily.com
• Researchers have for the first time observed a nanoscale symmetry hidden in solid state matter. They have measured the signatures of a symmetry showing the same attributes as the golden ratio famous from art and architecture.
• 
  
• Experiments show that soil and foliar application of zinc fertilizer can effectively reduce the phytate zinc ratio in grain. People who eat bread prepared from zinc enriched wheat show a significant increase in serum zinc, suggesting that the zinc fertilizer strategy is a promising approach to address zinc deficiencies in humans.
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• In animal studies, rats who were deprived of zinc during early fetal development exhibited increased emotionality, poor memory, and abnormal response to stress which interfered with performance in learning situations. Zinc deprivation in monkeys showed that zinc deficient animals were emotionally less mature, and also had cognitive deficits indicated by their difficulty in retaining previously learned problems and in learning new problems. Human observational studies show weaker results. Low maternal zinc status has been associated with less attention during the neonatal period and worse motor functioning.
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• Deficiencies of micronutrients (zinc, iron, folic acid and iodine) during pregnancy are known causes of Low Birth Weight (LBW). Studies have documented status of one or two micronutrients amongst pregnant women (PW). However, no attempt has been made to concurrently assess the prevalence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies and the factors associated with them amongst PW.
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• Nearly 73.5, 2.7, 43.6, 73.4, 26.3, and 6.4 percent PW were deficient in zinc, copper, magnesium, iron, folic acid and iodine, respectively. The highest concurrent prevalence of two, three, four and five micronutrient deficiency was of zinc and iron (54.9%); zinc, magnesium and iron (25.6%); zinc, magnesium, iron and folic acid (9.3%) and zinc, magnesium, iron, folic acid and iodine (0.8%), respectively. No pregnant woman was found to have concomitant deficiencies of all the six micronutrients. Dietary intake data revealed an inadequate nutrient intake. Over 19% PW were consuming less than 50% of the recommended calories. Similarly, 99, 86.2, 75.4, 23.6, 3.9 percent of the PW were consuming less than 50% of the recommended folic acid, zinc, iron, copper, and magnesium. The consumption of food groups rich in micronutrients (pulses, vegetables, fruits, nuts and oil seeds, animal foods) was infrequent. Univariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that low dietary intake of nutrients, low frequency of consumption of food groups rich in micronutrients and increased reproductive cycles with short interpregnancy intervals were important factors leading to micronutrient deficiencies.
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• Pulses (beans) are 20 to 25% protein by weight, which is double the protein content of wheat and three times that of rice. For this reason, pulses are called "vegetarian's meat". While pulses are generally high in protein, and the digestibility of that protein is also high, they often are relatively poor in the essential amino acid methionine, although Indian cuisine includes sesame seeds, which contain high levels of methionine. Grains (which are themselves deficient in lysine) are commonly consumed along with pulses to form a complete protein of diet.
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• Nutritional Programming in the Rat Is Linked to Long-Lasting Changes in Nutrient Sensing and Energy Homeostasis in the Hypothalamus
• 
  
• The programming of the hypothalamic circuits regulating energy homeostasis is a key step in the development of obesity associated with malnutrition in early life
• http://www.biospace.com/PLos_Article.aspx?TheTitle=Nutritional+Programming+in+the+Rat+Is+Linked+to+Long-Lasting+Changes+in+Nutrient+Sensing+and+Energy+Homeostasis+in+the+Hypothalamus
• BioSpace - Nutritional Programming in the Rat Is Linked to Long-Lasting Changes in Nutrient Sensing.
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• 
  
• Drug Discovery Opinion » PF-3845 – A Potent and Selective FAAH Inhibitor
• drugdiscoveryopinion.com
• The discovery of the cannabis receptors CB1 and CB2 and the subsequent discovery of anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine), the first endogenous agonist of both receptors, provided a rationale for the known analgesic properties of Cannabis sativa.
• 
  
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071105120556.htm
• Marijuana-like Brain Chemicals Work As Antidepressant
• www.sciencedaily.com
• Researchers have found that boosting the amounts of a marijuana-like brain transmitter called anandamide produces antidepressant effects in test rats.
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• http://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Product.vm/catalog/10046/a/z
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• http://learnmem.cshlp.org/content/16/5/332.full
• Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition enhances memory acquisition through activation of PPAR-α nuclear receptors
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18172430
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• http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18620.full#ref-18
•      
• http://www.caymanchem.com/app/template/Product.vm/catalog/10046/a/z
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850463
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• The future of marijuana in pill form via raising anandamide [0026] Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the fatty acid amide (FAA) family of endogenous signaling lipids. General classes of FAAs include the N- acylethanolamines (NAEs) and fatty acid primary amides (FAPAs)
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• Cannabis and Cancer
• Cannabinoids, the active components of Cannabis sativa (marijuana) and their endogenous counterparts, exert their effects by binding to specific G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate adenylyl cyclase and ion channels
• 
  
• Japan to Beam Solar Power from Space on Lasers
• www.foxnews.com
• Japan is aiming to collect solar power in space and zap it down to Earth using laser beams or microwaves. The government has picked companies and researchers to turn the multi-billion pound dream of unlimited clean energy into reality by 2030.
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397266
• The common cold is the leading cause of doctor visits in the United States and annually results in 189 million lost school days. In the course of one year the U.S. population contracts approximately 1 billion colds. Influenza infection is still a leading cause ofmorbidity and mortality, accounting for 20-25 million doctor visits and 36,000 deaths per year in the United States. Conventional therapies for colds and flu focus primarily on temporary symptom relief and include over-the-counter antipyretics, anti-inflammatories, and decongestants. Treatment for influenza also includes prescription antiviral agents and vaccines for prevention. This article reviews the common cold and influenza viruses, presents the conventional treatment options, and
• highlights select botanicals (Echinacea spp., Sambucus nigra, larch arabinogalactan, Astragalus membranaceous, Baptisia tinctoria, Allium sativa, Panax quinquefolium, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Andrographis paniculata, olive leaf extract, and Isatis tinctoria) and nutritional considerations (vitamins A and C, zinc, high lactoferrin whey protein, N-acetylcysteine, and DHEA) that may help in the prevention and treatment of these conditions.
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• http://www.dadamo.com/science_larch.htm
• Peter D'Adamo: Larch Arabinogalactan is a Novel Immune Modulator
• www.dadamo.com
• Information, guidance and support for readers interested in applying the principles of The Blood Type Diet as outlined by The New York Times best-selling author Dr. Peter D'Adamo.
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• This indicates that disrupting cannabinoid 1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission at the genome level produces mutant mice with an enhanced capacity to strengthen synaptic connections in a brain region crucial for memory formation.
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10619457?dopt=Abstract
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• NewsDaily: North Korea military appears to back Kim succession
• www.newsdaily.com
• North Korea's military has nominated the third son of ailing leader Kim Jong-il as a delegate to a rare meeting of the ruling party, a South Korean newspaper said, supporting reports he is his father's chosen successor.
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• http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/2/1/17
• Harm Reduction Journal | Full text | Harm reduction-the cannabis paradox
• www.harmreductionjournal.com
• The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.harmreductionjournal.com/content/2/1/17
• September 27, 2010 at 2:08am · LikeUnlike · · Share
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• http://www.uccs.edu/~rmelamed/Evolutionism/medical_uses_of_cannabinoid_2/
• Medical Uses of Cannabinoids | Evolutionism | Dr. Bob Melamede
• www.uccs.edu
• Endocannabinoids are currently being intensively investigated by scientists around the world as their intimate involvement in human health is revealed. Below are selected abstracts from PubMed, the NIH database of peer reviewed articles on medicine and biology. There are thousands additional article
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• A frequent polymorphism in the coding exon of the human cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene was detected in codon 453 of the CNR1 gene that turned out to be a common polymorphism in the German population which may be related to anandamide metabolism disturbances. facilitating disorders like Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease and severe alcohol dependence.
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shwedagon
• Shwedagon Pagoda - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• The Shwedagon Pagoda (Burmese: ရွှေတိဂုံ ဘုရား; MLCTS: hrwe ti. gum. bhu. ra:, IPA: [ʃwèdəɡòuɴ pʰəjá]); Mon:ကျာ် လ္ဂုၚ်, [tɕaiʔ təkɜ̀ŋ]; officially titled Shwedagon Zedi Daw ([ʃwèdəɡòun zèdìdɔ̀]), also known as the Golden Pagoda, is a 98-metre (approx. 321.5 feet) gilded stupa located in Yangon, Bur
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA
• Memory's Master Switch: Molecular Power Behind Memory Discovered
• ScienceDaily (July 29, 2010) —
• Neuroscientists have long wondered how individual connections between
• brain cells remain diverse and "fit" enough for storing new memories.
• 
  
• Now it looks like I have to do some tests of my own. Mainstream literature always ignores the endocannabinoid system. To my knowledge, endocannabinoids regulate neurogenesis. The amino acid Glutamate gets synthesized to GABA. THC inhibits glutamatergic toxicity and seizures/spasms caused from it. I wonder if some mice had a maxed glutamate and THC during life stages compared to controls they wouldn't find out that cannabis is intrinsically linked. In 2007, an excitatory GABAergic system was described in the airway epithelium. The system activates following exposure to allergens and may participate in the mechanisms of asthma. Cannabis has been used for 5,000 years in similar mechanisms. http://www.cannabismd.net/asthma/
• Medical Marijuana - Asthma
• www.cannabismd.net
• Asthma is the shortness of breath and wheezing caused by spasms of the bronchial tubes, overproduction of mucus, and swelling of the mucous membranes. Asthma kills more than 4,000 Americans each year.[1]
• 
  
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100729144223.htm
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• GABA regulates the proliferation of neural progenitor cells, the migration and differentiation, the elongation of neurites, and the formation of synapses. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209121
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• Endocannabinoids, the endogenous counterparts of marijuana-derived cannabinoids, act as neuromodulators via presynaptic CB1 receptors and also control neural cell death and survival. Here we show that progenitor cells express a functional endocannabinoid system that actively regulates cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, NPs produce endocannabinoids and express the CB1 receptor and the endocannabinoid-inactivating enzyme FAAH. CB1 receptor activation promotes cell proliferation and neurosphere generation, an action that is abrogated in CB1-deficient NPs.
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• Recent research shows that endocannabinoids stimulate neural progenitor proliferation and inhibit hippocampal neurogenesis in normal adult brain. Cannabinoids inhibit cortical neuron differentiation and promote glial differentiation. On the other hand, experiments with differentiated neurons have shown that cannabinoids also regulate neuritogenesis, axonal growth and synaptogenesis.
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• http://www.nopalaztec.com/fr_new.php
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• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11322644
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• Endocannabinoid system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• en.wikipedia.org
• The endocannabinoid system refers to a group of neuromodulatory lipids and their receptors that are involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. It is named for endocannabinoids, the endogenous lipids that bind cannabinoid receptors (the same
• 
  
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1253627/?tool=pmcentrez
• In summary, since adult hippocampal neurogenesis is suppressed following chronic administration of opiates, alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine, the present study suggests that cannabinoids are the only illicit drug that can promote adult  hippocampal neurogenesis following chronic administration. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis appears to underlie the mechanism of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects produced by a high dose of chronic HU210 treatment. The opposing  effects of high doses of acute and chronic cannabinoids, together with the anxiolytic-like effects caused by a low dose of cannabinoids, may finally explain discrepancies in the clinical study literature regarding the effects of cannabinoid on anxiety and depression.
• 
  
• The discovery of multipotent neural progenitor (NP) cells has provided strong support for the existence of neurogenesis in the adult brain. However, the signals controlling NP proliferation remain elusive. Endocannabinoids, the endogenous counterparts of marijuana-derived cannabinoids, act as neuromodulators via presynaptic CB1 receptors and also control neural cell death and survival. Here we show that progenitor cells express a functional endocannabinoid system that actively regulates cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, NPs produce endocannabinoids and express the CB1 receptor and the endocannabinoid-inactivating enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). CB1 receptor activation promotes cell proliferation and neurosphere generation, an action that is abrogated in CB1-deficient NPs. Accordingly, proliferation of hippocampal NPs is increased in FAAH-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that endocannabinoids constitute a new group of signaling cues that regulate NP proliferation and thus open novel therapeutic avenues for manipulation of NP cell fate in the adult brain.
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• The endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are important retrograde messengers that inhibit neurotransmitter release via presynaptic CB1 receptors. In addition, cannabinoids are known to modulate the cell death/survival decision of different neural cell types, leading to different outcomes that depend on the nature of the target cell and its proliferative/differentiation status. Thus, cannabinoids protect primary neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from apoptosis, whereas transformed glial cells are prone to apoptosis by cannabinoid challenge. Moreover, a potential role of the eCB system in neurogenesis and neural differentiation has been proposed. Recent research shows that eCBs stimulate neural progenitor proliferation and inhibit hippocampal neurogenesis in normal adult brain. Cannabinoids inhibit cortical neuron differentiation and promote glial differentiation. On the other hand, experiments with differentiated neurons have shown that cannabinoids also regulate neuritogenesis, axonal growth and synaptogenesis. These new observations support that eCBs constitute a new family of lipid signaling cues responsible for the regulation of neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation, acting as instructive proliferative signals through the CB1 receptor.
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllene
• First Dietary Cannabinoid FDA Approved
• en.wikipedia.org
• Caryophyllene (pronounced /ˌkæri.ɵfɪˈliːn/), or (−)-β-caryophyllene, is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene that is a constituent of many essential oils, especially clove oil, the oil from the stems and flowers of Syzygium aromaticum (cloves)[1], the essential oil of hemp Cannabis sativa[2], and rosema
• 
  
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/headlines/
• ScienceDaily: Latest Science News
• www.sciencedaily.com
• Breaking science news and articles on global warming, extrasolar planets, stem cells, bird flu, autism, nanotechnology, dinosaurs, evolution -- the latest discoveries in astronomy, anthropology, biology, chemistry, climate & environment, computers, engineering, health & medicine, math, physics, psyc
•  
• June Was the Fourth Consecutive Month That Was Warmest on Record
• http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100718233311.htm
• 
  
• Autophagy can promote cell survival or cell death, but the molecular basis underlying its dual role in cancer remains obscure. Here we demonstrate that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of marijuana, induces human glioma cell death through stimulation of autophagy. Our data indicate that THC induced ceramide accumulation and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) phosphorylation and thereby activated an ER stress response that promoted autophagy via tribbles homolog 3–dependent (TRB3-dependent) inhibition of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) axis. We also showed that autophagy is upstream of apoptosis in cannabinoid-induced human and mouse cancer cell death and that activation of this pathway was necessary for the antitumor action of cannabinoids in vivo. These findings describe a mechanism by which THC can promote the autophagic death of human and mouse cancer cells and provide evidence that cannabinoid administration may be an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting human cancers.
• Journal of Clinical Investigation -- Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death throu
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• Our data indicate that THC induced ceramide accumulation
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• As a bioactive lipid, ceramide has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions including apoptosis, cell growth arrest, differentiation, cell senescence, cell migration and adhesion. Roles for ceramide and its downstream metabolites have also been suggested in a number of pathological states including cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes, microbial pathogenesis, obesity, and inflammation.
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• Ceramide accumulation has been found following treatment of cells with a number of apoptotic agents including ionizing radiation, UV light, TNF-alpha, and chemotherapeutic agents. This suggests a role for ceramide in the biological responses of all these agents. Because of its apoptosis-inducing effects in cancer cells, ceramide has been termed the “tumor suppressor lipid”
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• This is incredible news. Cannabis performs the same effect that is attempted in chemotherapy - the accumulation of the tumor suppressor lipid. Cannabis however provides this treatment to every organ system at once, maxing the micrograms per micromole of THC around all the cells that are to die. This makes sure they dont stay alive past a healthy programmed cell death and turn into tumors.
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• http://www.naturalnews.tv/v.asp?v=BCED96C19361449686F6E68ED178FFFF
• Foods That Kill - Part 1 of 6 - NaturalNews.tv
• www.naturalnews.tv
• Make Yourself Heart Attack Proof http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYTf0z Herbivore vs. Carnivore - You be the judge ! http://www.bizarro.com/videos/mov/Veg Explore the consequences of a me
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• ScienceDaily (June 23, 2010) Neuroscientists Can Predict Your Behavior Better Than You Can
• Neuroscientists can predict your behavior better than you can
• www.sciencedaily.com
• In a study with implications for the advertising industry and public health organizations, neuroscientists have shown they can use brain scanning to predict whether people will use sunscreen in the next week better than the people themselves can predict whether they will do so. This is the first per
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• Electrifying food while it is being cooked could be major breakthrough
• www.gizmag.com
• American cookware manufacturer LifeWare Technologies has announced the launch of a new line of cookware that it claims electromechanically reduce
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• THC deficiency by Ethan Russo
•  In the initial lines of his 1895 work, Project for a Scientific Psychology, Sigmund Freud stated [1] (p..
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• http://www.gizmag.com/axle-group-ev-x7-electric-motorcycle/8403/
• EV-X7: the electric future-cruiser
• www.gizmag.com
• With an only in Japan style unlike anything that’s come before it, the EV-X7 is an electric streetbike with a 92mph top speed and a range of up
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• http://www.gizmag.com/asus-eeekeyboard-official-announcement/14970/
• ASUS Eee Keyboard PC officially launched (at last)
• www.gizmag.com
• ASUS has finally launched its Eee Keyboard PC, although confirmation of price and release date are still unknown
• 
  
• http://www.mag-i-cal.com/magnesium.htm
• Magnesium dietary supplement in Nano Particle Ionic Liquid form.
• www.mag-i-cal.com
• magnesium deficiencies and needs addressed with Nano Particle Ionic Liquid Magnesium supplement, a high potency form of 100% absorbable ionic magnesium.
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• http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/cannabis.htm
• Cannabis
• www.sciencedaily.com
• As a drug it usually comes in the form of dried flowers (marijuana), resin (hashish), or various extracts collectively referred to as hash oil..
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• We find that variation in the transcript levels of the brain gene syntaxin 1a correlates significantly with intelligence!
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• Thus, the closed conformation of syntaxin-1 gates the initiation of the synaptic vesicle fusion reaction, which is then mediated by SNARE-complex/Munc18-1 assemblies.
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• http://www.cheniere.org/briefings/porthole/index.htm
• The Tom Bearden Website
• www.cheniere.org
• ‎"A consortium of the scientific community, the large pharmaceuticals, FDA, and the AMA will oppose this project even while the U.S. is being destroyed wholesale."
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• http://audiospotlights.com/directional_sound_intro.html
• Audio_Spotlights: Introduction to hypersonic sound directional sound beam technology: How does it wo
• audiospotlights.com
• Audio Spotlight and Hypersonic Sound. An introduction to directional beams of sound. How does it work? What are we doing with it?
• 
  
• http://www.amazing1.com/burning-lasers.htm
• Class 4 Burning, Cutting Lasers
• www.amazing1.com
• Information Unlimited -Class 4 Burning, Cutting Lasers
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• Our data indicate that THC induced ceramide accumulation and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2a phosphorylation and thereby activated an ER stress response that promoted autophagy via tribbles homolog dependent inhibition of the mTORC1 axis
•     
• http://www.jci.org/articles/view/37948
• Marijuana prevents lung cancer
• Journal of Clinical Investigation -- Cannabinoid action induces autophagy-mediated cell death throug
• www.jci.org
• ‎(May 1, 2009)J Clin Invest. 2009;119(5):1359–1372. doi:10.1172/JCI37948.Copyright © 2009, American Society for Clinical Investigation
• Termites release more co2 than humans annually. Mt. St. Helens released more greenhouse gas than all of humanity since the industrial revolution began.
• 30,000 Scientists Rejecting Anthropomorphic Global Warming Hypothesis « What The Crap?
• whatthecrap.wordpress.com
• Uhhad a slight weapons malfunction. But, uh, everything's perfectly all right now. We're fine. We're all fine here, now, thank you. How are you? - Han Solo
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• Mt. St. Helens (only VEI-3 of VEI-8, scaling by x10 each level in cubic kilometers of the ash cloud) was 1/100,000th the size of the eruptions we get several times every 10 million years.
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• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefield-Brown_effect
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• Check out the Ionic Airfish
• Plasma Aerodynamics
• www.electrofluidsystems.com
• In 1998, Berkant Goeksel founded theFuture WorkshopElectrofluidsystems at the Technical University of Berlinwith the vision of developing plasma assisted flight vehicles forfuture generation.
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• www.zimbio.com
• With reports suggesting the budget for the world's most advanced fusion reactor is growing as the time-table is pushed back, ITER officials insist the project is still on target. (Reuters Business Video)
•                   
• International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iter
•   
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/7285683/
•     
• Salba® - Nature's Most Powerful Whole Food
• www.sourcesalba.com
• The whole food Salba® is derived from an ancient variety of plant species belonging to the mint family called Chia. Its botanical name is Salvia hispanica L. Chia was an integral cornerstone of the daily diet that fueled the vast Aztec empire.
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• The average human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons and tens of billions of additional support cells called glia, with average daily loss of 200,000 neurons (equates to 1/500,000th daily or 0.0002%, discounting glia). we also live from 28,000 to 40,000 days. 86,400 seconds a day means 1 neuron is lost every 26 seconds. 40,000 days is 960,000 hours, and the age of 114 reaches the million mark. 114 years is 2.28% of our total neurons natural decay in contemporary standards (little to no supplementation).